It's all about the classical music composers and their works from the last 400 years and much more about music. Hier erfahren Sie alles über die klassischen Komponisten und ihre Meisterwerke der letzten vierhundert Jahre und vieles mehr über Klassische Musik.
Elgar’s Enigma Variations is one of the greatest pieces of the 19th century – but people have puzzled over its hidden theme for years.
In 1899, Sir Edward Elgar wrote his beautiful Enigma Variations, that would contain one of the most moving melodies ever written (its ‘Nimrod’ theme).
But Elgar, not content with writing a beautiful piece of music, claimed to have hidden a musical puzzle deep in the heart of his Variations.
Here’s a note he left explaining the puzzle: “The Enigma I will not explain – its ‘dark saying’ must be left unguessed, and I warn you that the connection between the Variations and the Theme is often of the slightest texture. Further, through and over the whole set another and larger theme ‘goes’, but is not played… so, the principal Theme never appears.”
Essentially, the principal theme of the piece is never actually heard, and the ‘Enigma’ theme we do hear is just a counterpoint on the principal theme.
Now, Ed Newton-Rex, a composer and alumnus of the Choir of King’s College Cambridge, claims to have cracked the code.
The hidden theme in the Enigma Variations, he claims, is Pergolesi’s Stabat Mater, a haunting piece of choral music from the 18th century.
“I started thinking about what I’d write if tasked with writing a counter-melody to the opening theme, improvising things that worked well with it,” Newton-Rex writes in an essay on his theory. “Almost immediately what I was writing reminded me of something: Pergolesi’s Stabat Mater.”
When the two pieces are played alongside each other (and whenStabat Materis transposed up a tone), the fit is “pretty astounding”, Newton-Rex writes.
Why has no one figured this out before?
The mistake musicologists have made before, Newton-Rex argues, is expecting the new ‘phrase’ to fit perfectly over the top of the fully-scored Enigma Variations.
“But this isn’t how Elgar said the counterpoint should work,” he says.
In an interview with the Musical Times in 1900, Elgar clarified the nature of the ‘Enigma’: “Mr Elgar tells us that the heading Enigma is justified by the fact that it is possible to add another phrase, which is quite familiar, above the original theme that he has written.”
Elgar further clarifies this in his 1905 biography: “The theme is a counterpoint on some well-known melody which is never heard.”
So the ‘Enigma’ theme is a counterpoint on the hidden melody – not the other way around. This means that the ‘Enigma’ theme should fit over the top of the hidden melody.
Why Stabat Mater?
Firstly, Stabat Mater was the most frequently published piece of music of the 18th century. It had already been popular for a long time before Elgar started composing – so he undoubtedly knew of the piece, and was aware of its popularity.
When played alongside all the vocal parts of Stabat Mater, the ‘Enigma’ theme fits perfectly over the harmonies, Newton-Rex argues. Plus, it fits well over just the Stabat Mater’s characteristic bass line, and matches the six-bar length of the choral piece.
Stabat Mater also involves a“dark saying”, matching up with Elgar’s original description.
“The subject matter of the Stabat mater — the crucifixion — provides a compelling reason Elgar would have chosen to refer to it this way,” argues Newton-Rex, co-founder of the AI music composition company Jukedeck.
Picture: Ed Newton-Rex
Which other pieces have been proposed?
Over the years, historians and musicologists have suggested a number of ‘perfect fits’ for the Enigma theme, including Rule Britannia, Beethoven’s ‘Pathétique’ Sonata and, curiously, the number Pi. However, Newton-Rex dismisses these proposals, saying none of them fit perfectly over the whole of the Enigma theme.
“Rule Britannia is in the major where the Enigma theme is in the minor, and [...] if you try the whole of Rule Britannia with the Enigma theme it doesn’t work at all.”
What has the response been like?
Newton-Rex told Classic FM: “The response I’ve had to this theory has been great – some people seem convinced, and even those for whom the jury is still out seem to think there’s merit to it.
“Most importantly, though, people who have come across it from outside the world of classical music have told me they went and listened to the Enigma Variations for the first time as a result – and I think there can be no better outcome than getting more people listening to this amazing music.”
Isata Kanneh-Mason plays Elgar's 'Chanson de Matin'
A million people in the UK are expected to be living with dementia by 2025. While there is no cure, there's growing evidence that music can help ameliorate symptoms such as depression and agitation, writes Kelly Oakes - and also bring these people and their families some much-needed moments of joy.
When he was just 30 years old, Daniel received a diagnosis nobody was expecting.
The former drummer and engineer had to give up work after developing problems with his speech, memory, and motor skills.
The culprit was a rare form of Alzheimer's disease, a condition most common in over-65s, but which can affect much younger people too.
"Certain things happen every day, me forgetting what I've done, and also what I have to do," Daniel says. "It gets a bit overwhelming. Generally it's quite hard to be in social environments."
It was only when Daniel was diagnosed that he realised his father, who died at the age of 36, must have had the same condition.
The news came just after the first birthdays of his own children, twins Lola and Jasper.
There's a 50:50 chance, doctors say, that the faulty gene Daniel inherited will have been passed on to them too.
Now 31, Daniel's big hope is to live long enough to see his twins start school.
Find out more
Watch part one of Our Dementia Choir, with Vicky McClure, on BBC One at 20:00 on Thursday 2 May
"For someone of Dan's age, their lifespan is about four years from diagnosis. It's pretty scary to hear that, you just feel hopeless," says his partner Jordan. "It's hard to watch somebody so young, fit and healthy have all these symptoms."
Daniel has joined a choir of people with dementia, put together by actress Vicky McClure in memory of her grandmother who lived with the condition and died in 2015.
While caring for her nonna, McClure noticed that music, in particular singing together, brought a smile to her face.
Image captionVicky McClure with her mother and grandmother
"When we sang we were all on the same page," she says.
The 18-strong choir is made up of people living in and around Nottingham, where McClure grew up, all of whom are living with dementia in one form or another.
Dementia is an umbrella term, covering any progressive change in someone's thinking abilities. It can manifest in different ways, affecting memory, language, emotion, and behaviour, depending on what is causing it and which parts of the brain are damaged.
Types of dementia
Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60% of people with dementia mostly affecting people over 65, though 5% of people with Alzheimer's are younger
Vascular dementia, which occurs when blood vessels in the brain are damaged, reducing blood flow to brain cells, affects 20% of people with dementia
Dementia with Lewy bodies affects 10-15% of people with dementia - Lewy bodies are small round clumps of protein that build up inside nerve cells
Frontotemporal dementia, which primarily affects people aged between 45 and 64, accounts for fewer than 5% of dementia cases - symptoms may include changes in personality, memory loss, confusion and difficulty with day-to-day tasks
For most people dementia progresses slowly, meaning they live with it for many years.
There is no cure, though doctors can try to prevent further damage and slow the progress of the disease in patients with some types of dementia, vascular dementia for example. In other cases, treatments focus on alleviating symptoms and helping patients to live well with the illness.
That's where music comes in. There is growing evidence that music can play a part in helping people with dementia live happy and fulfilled lives after they are diagnosed.
To help investigate this idea, Vicky McClure's choir took part in a study run by Sebastian Crutch, a professor of neuropsychology at the Dementia Research Centre, University College London, into how music and visual arts affect people with dementia.
Image captionSebastian Crutch says music can be especially potent for those with dementia
Crutch's work looks not only at what people say they feel during and after these activities like singing or viewing an exhibition, but also how their bodies react. The choir's singers wore a wristband that measured heart rate, temperature, movement, and "electrodermal activity" - sweat levels on the skin.
The results showed that movement and heart rate decreased during the choir rehearsals. People living with dementia can often feel agitated and restless, so these scores probably indicate that they're feeling calmer as they sing.
That was also the message from the survey asking the singers how they felt - which showed a positive effect on their wellbeing. The two results backed each other up, Crutch notes.
"I think for us that's quite an important signal, because usually people had looked at these things in isolation," he says. Previous studies tend to have relied only on self-reported effects, or on external measures, but not both.
Most of the evidence concerning music and dementia relates to courses of music therapy.
A research review published in 2018, looking at music therapy trials in nursing homes or hospitals, found that the sessions improved symptoms of depression and behavioural problems in people with dementia, but said more research was needed to determine the duration and other effects.
And music does seem to have more benefits than activities such as painting, going for a walk, or visiting friends, says Crutch.
The right song can instantly transport you back in time, eliciting strong emotions even if you haven't heard it for years. This ability music has to reach right inside of our brains and pull out old memories we thought were long gone applies to people with dementia too, not only to those without without it.
Rae, a former music teacher, gave up playing piano after she was diagnosed with Alzheimer's. But during the first choir rehearsal it all comes flooding back as she sits down to play for the first time in 10 years.
"I didn't think I'd remember how to play," she says.
Image captionRae is applauded by choirmaster Mark De-Lisser after playing for the first time in 10 years
A little later she finds herself accompanying members of the choir singing Ben E King's Stand By Me. "I was saying, 'I hope my fingers know what they are doing, because I don't.' And they did, they did know what to do, and I am thinking, 'Ya-hay!'"
Similarly, relatives of someone with Alzheimer's can be surprised to discover that they can remember every word to a song they knew when they were 17, says Crutch, despite struggling to remember what they did yesterday.
This is because dementia causes particular problems with short-term memory - making someone forget if they've eaten breakfast or showered, for example - while long-term memories may remain intact, at least in the early stages of the illness.
Part of your long-term memory, called procedural memory, stores information on how to do everyday things, like brushing your teeth, or, in the case of a former musician like Daniel or Rae, how to play your instrument. When damage to the brain makes accessing those memories harder, music seems to be able to flip a switch to bring at least some of them back.
"It's a sort of emotional and physiological physical memory, that music is very powerfully able to trigger," says Helen Odell-Miller, professor of music therapy at Anglia Ruskin University. "It can trigger the [memory of] rhythmic patterns, for example, that the person knows."
On top of this, listening to music involves several different parts of our brain, including those involved in language and emotion. So even if one part related to music is damaged, other parts may still work just fine.
"Music taps into our emotion circuits, which are actually often damaged much, much later in diseases like Alzheimer's than the circuits that support memory for day-to-day activities," says Crutch.
Scientists don't yet fully understand how music helps people with dementia.
Daniel is taking part in a five-year study at Anglia Ruskin University, in Cambridge, looking into what actually happens in someone's brain during a session with a music therapist.
Jörg Fachner, professor of music, health and the brain at the university, says music can be especially important as it provides a communication channel that doesn't rely on speech or language skills, which may be impaired by dementia.
But there's also something special going on inside Daniel's brain as he plays in time with the therapist.
Both participant and therapist wear caps that measure their brain activity as they sing together and play instruments. At certain moments as people play music together, their brains appear to synchronise, showing the same patterns of brainwaves.
"How in particular that works, when you're doing music therapy with a patient, this is something that we are still trying to find out," Fachner says.
And Daniel illustrates the effect mentioned by Helen Odell-Miller - as the session progresses, his ability to play in time improves.
Media captionDaniel's rhythmic ability improves during his music therapy session
In the past few years plenty of music-based initiatives have sprung up for people with dementia.
The Alzheimer's Society runs Singing for the Brain groups, which involve getting together with others to do vocal warm ups and sing familiar songs, while charity Playlist for Life advocates for prescribing personal playlists.
A national campaign called Music for Dementia 2020 hopes to make some form of music available for everyone with dementia by the year 2020.
But while these activities are now common, it's clear more research is needed to understand how to help people get the most out of it.
Helen Odell-Miller is investigating the impact of carer-led musical activities that people with dementia and their loved ones can do at home.
She's just started work on a study involving hundreds of couples from five different countries - the UK, Australia, Poland, Germany, and Norway - where one person has dementia and is still living at home.
Each couple will spend half an hour each day making music, supported by music therapists. "It will be about embedding this in daily life," she says.
The musical intervention will be compared to reading or listening to stories, and Odell-Miller will look not just at how it affects the well-being of the person with dementia, but also how it affects their carer.
Music could be especially potent for those with severe dementia, because the present moment may be all they have, she points out.
"To that person, the now is the most important moment, because they don't have the capacity to remember what happened the minute before."
Media captionVicky McClure's choir is about to perform for the first time - a tribute to Daniel and Jordan ahead of their marriage
One thing music cannot do for people with dementia is to reverse damage done to the brain, or change someone's prognosis.
"I would definitely say that singing in a choir is not going to extend someone's life," says Sebastian Crutch. "We wouldn't expect it to have any impact on the rates at which the proteins which characterise these different diseases are forming in the brain, or slow down the killing of brain cells."
But while the long-term benefits of music are still uncertain, it's clear that music can provide shared, in-the-moment experiences that both people with dementia and their loved ones benefit from.
One enthusiastic member of Vicky McClure's choir, 67-year-old former woodwork teacher Chris, first realised something wasn't quite right when he got lost on the way to work.
"I took a left turn at a village where I'd never turned left before, and found myself in the middle of this countryside I didn't recognise," he says.
He has frontotemporal dementia, which makes him uninhibited and unpredictable. Sometimes he says inappropriate things.
"He's still here in body but he's not the person I married," says his wife, Jane. "I just find the whole thing so, so sad. There'll be moments which we treasure dearly, where we have flickers of the old Chris."
One treasured moment came while he was practising at home between choir rehearsals. He began crying at the emotion of the song he was singing, and then so did Jane.
"That was really strange, us both standing just there, both in tears," Chris says.
"It was sad because we were both sad - but we were sad for the same reason… we were both able to say we're going to miss each other," Jane adds.
As Chris's frontotemporal dementia affects his emotions, moments of connection like this hold importance for both of them.
Through participating in a shared creative experience, family members or professional carers can come to see people with dementia in a different light, says Crutch. "In that sense, I think, there can be some really pretty long-term social benefits to participating."
Media captionVicky McClure: 'I'd like to see people setting up choirs in their towns, cities, villages'
