Albinoni and Bach “What I Have Achieved by Industry Anyone Else Can Also Achieve”

by Georg Predota  July 13th, 2021

Tomaso Albinoni

Tomaso Albinoni (1671-1750) and Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) were contemporaries, but they never actually met. While Albinoni was at home on various Italian and international operatic stages, Bach never traveled far away from his native community in North-Germany. We do know, however, that Bach did come in contact with the music of various Italian masters, and that his scholarly confrontation with these new styles decisively shaped his musical language and understanding. A scholar has suggested that “the best outside movements of Albinoni’s later concertos are remarkably like some of those by Bach, who benefited from the study of these works.” That similarity is found in some interesting variants of the common Albinoni approach to ritornello form, one, which Bach, took over into his works. Several movements from Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos “show clear signs of having been written under the influence of the concertos for one and two oboes of Albinoni’s Opus VII.”

The young Bach, Weimar, 1715

While we can certainly hear some of the similarities of structure and tonal organization, how did Bach actually got his hands on the Albinoni scores? Two possible scenarios have been suggested. In the autumn of 1717 Bach traveled from Weimar to Dresden. The crown prince of Saxony had recently returned from an extended journey to Italy, having spent almost one year in Venice. One of the musicians from the Dresden Court, Johann Georg Pisendel had accompanied the crown prince on his travels, and he became good friends with Vivaldi and Albinoni. Pisendel did make copies of Albinoni’s Op. VII and brought the music to Dresden. We might rightfully assume that the oboist of the Dresden Hofkapelle, Johann Christinan Richter took a close interest in these oboe concertos, and “Bach could certainly have come in contact with certain Albinoni concertos during his stay in Dresden.”

Albinoni’s Concertos Op. VII

We don’t know if Bach made copies of the works he encountered in Dresden, but we do know that he made a trip to Berlin 1719. He was on a mission to take delivery of a new harpsichord for court at Cöthen, and he spent much time and money buying the latest chamber works in circulation. “Albinoni’s Opus VII concertos may well have been among many acquisitions of printed music. There is no concrete source evidence, but it seems unlikely that Bach came in contact with the Albinoni collection much before the fall of 1717, given the collection’s relatively recent publication date and the rate of transmission of Amsterdam prints to Central Europe.”

The mature concertos of Albinoni “were an important factor in Bach’s approach to the genre throughout the decade of the 1720s. Albinoni was certainly not the only influence on Bach’s concertos from this period, but he must be counted among the chief influences. His extended opening ritornellos, his use of formal and structural elements derived from an Italianate vocal style of writing for the soloist seems to have greatly appealed to Bach.”

J.S. Bach: Fugue in C major, BWV 946

J.S. Bach: Fugue in A major, BWV 950

While the close connection between Albinoni’s Op. VII and Bach’s Brandenburg’s rely on careful stylistic, formal and harmonic analysis, an immediate connection is found in four keyboard fugues with subjects taken from Albinoni’s Op. 1. In BWV 946, 950, 951, 951a we find Bach mastering a new style and maturing as a composer. While some scholars find “facile note-spinning and pointless harmonic meandering among other weaknesses,” others “give Bach credit for tackling rhythmically difficult subjects in a variety of two-, three-, and four-part textures during his teenage years.” In BWV 950, Bach quotes directly from the Albinoni original at two points beyond the subject itself. However, Bach does not merely quote the passages but expands and transforms them to become pillars of the formal structure. A critic writes, “Bach’s scholarly engagement with Albinoni taught him to bring the fugue to a convincing conclusion without a thematically irrelevant coda.”

If You Like Bach, You Might Like Glenn Gould

 by Georg Predota

Johann Sebastian Bach, the towering figure of Baroque music, is renowned for his intricate counterpoint, emotional depth, and technical brilliance. His compositions have inspired countless musicians and listeners for centuries.

Johann Sebastian Bach

Among the interpreters of Bach’s keyboard music, few have left as indelible a mark as the Canadian pianist Glenn Gould. Known for his idiosyncratic and highly personal approach to Bach’s compositions, Gould’s performances offer a fresh lens through which to experience the composer’s genius.

Glenn Gould at the piano

Glenn Gould (1932–1982) was a singular voice in the interpretation of Bach, a pianist of extraordinary talent and polarising eccentricity. His approach to Bach was shaped by a combination of technical brilliance, intellectual rigour, and a willingness to challenge conventional performance practices. 

A Fusion of Precision and Passion

Bach’s music is both intellectually stimulating and deeply emotive, balancing mathematical precision with profound spirituality. For the performer, they demand technical precision and interpretive insight, offering the artist a vast canvas for expression.

Bach’s mastery of counterpoint creates a dense, almost hypnotic interplay of lines that challenges both listener and performers. Structural complexity, emotional depth, and interpretive flexibility made Bach’s music a perfect vehicle for a performer like Glenn Gould, whose unorthodox approach brought a completely new dimension to these works.

Unlike most pianists of his time, who adhered to Romantic traditions of lush, expressive playing, Gould favoured clarity, precision, and a detached yet highly expressive style. His performances often emphasised the architectural logic of Bach’s music while infusing it with a distinctly modern sensibility.

A Revolutionary Blend

Glenn Gould

Gould’s 1955 recording of the Goldberg Variations is perhaps the most iconic example of his approach. At the age of 22, Gould burst onto the international scene with his debut album for Columbia Records, which remains one of the most celebrated recordings of the work. In contrast to the stately, measured interpretations of earlier performers, Gould’s set is brisk, rhythmically incisive, and strikingly clear.

His tempos, particularly in the faster variations, are lightning-fast, showcasing his virtuosic control and ability to articulate each voice in Bach’s polyphony with crystalline precision. For instance, in Variation 7, a gigue-like movement, Gould’s buoyant rhythm and crisp articulation highlight the dance-like character, making the music feel alive and spontaneous.

Yet, Gould’s interpretation is not merely about speed or clarity. He brings a profound sense of individuality to the work, emphasising contrasts between variations and creating a narrative arc that feels both cohesive and unpredictable.

Eccentric Brilliance

Glenn Gould’s chair

Gould does engage in deliberate pacing and provides subtle dynamic shading that evokes a meditative intensity that resonates with Bach’s spiritual core. This ability to balance intellectual clarity with emotional expressiveness makes Gould’s Goldberg Variations a must-hear for Bach lovers, as it captures the composer’s multifaceted genius in a uniquely compelling way.

Gould’s interpretations are not without controversy, and this is part of what makes him so fascinating for Bach enthusiasts. His unconventional choices, such as extreme tempos, unconventional phrasing, and even his habit of humming along while playing, can be polarising.

Yet, these quirks often enhance the listener’s experience by offering a fresh perspective on familiar works by adding a layer of intimacy. While some find it distracting, others see it as a window into Gould’s immersion in the music and as a sign of his deep connection to Bach’s world. By bridging the intellectual and the emotional, Gould’s eccentricities can feel like an authentic expression of that duality.

Reimagining Bach

Glenn Gould

Gould’s engagement with Bach extended beyond his performances. As a writer, broadcaster, and thinker, he championed Bach’s music in ways that resonate with fans of the composer. In his essays and radio documentaries, he explored themes of solitude and creativity, drawing parallels to Bach’s introspective genius. His advocacy for Bach’s music as a timeless, universal language helped cement the composer’s place in the modern repertoire.

Gould’s choice to perform Bach on the modern piano reflects his belief in the music’s adaptability. By using the piano’s dynamic capabilities to bring out dramatic contrasts, Gould’s interpretation bridges historical and modern sensibilities.

Universal Genius

Gould’s interpretations are not just journeys into the composer’s world but also an encounter with a performer whose passion and originality mirror Bach’s own genius. His performances offer a gateway to experiencing the qualities of Bach’s music in a fresh and unforgettable way.

For Bach fans, Gould’s interpretations are not just performances. They are revelations that uncover the multifaceted beauty of Bach’s music. His unapologetic individuality makes his performances a natural extension of Bach’s own innovative spirit, and he invites listeners to rediscover the music through the lens of a singular artist.