Top 10 Baroque composers

From around 1600 to 1750, the Baroque period witnessed the creation of some of the greatest musical masterpieces ever composed. Here's our beginner's guide to the greatest composers of the Baroque period

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)

JS Bach has been called 'the supreme arbiter and law-giver of music'. He is to music what Leonardo da Vinci is to art and Shakespeare is to literature, one of the supreme creative geniuses of history.

Key recording:

St Matthew Passion

Julian Prégardien (Evangelist), Stéphane Degout (Christus); Pygmalion / Raphaël Pichon (Recording of the Month, April 2022) Read the review

Explore JS Bach:

The 10 best Bach works: a beginner's list – Here are a selection of works by Bach that are essential listening; and once bitten the Bach Bug will take you on a journey of almost limitless reward Presents JS Bach.

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)

With Antonio Vivaldi, Italian Baroque music reached its zenith. The prosperous, cultivated world of contemporary Venice shines through all his works, composed with innate craftsmanship.

Key recording:

The Four Seasons

Rachel Podger vn Brecon Baroque (Editor's Choice, May 2018; shortlisted for the 2018 Gramophone Concerto Award) Read the review

Explore Vivaldi:

Top 10 Vivaldi recordings – Ten of the best Vivaldi recordings, including Gramophone Award-winners and Editor's Choice albums

George Frideric Handel (1685-1759)

Handel is one of the giants of musical history. His is happy, confident, melodic music imbued with the grace of the Italian vocal school, an easy fluency in German contrapuntal writing and the English choral tradition inherited from Purcell.

Key recording:

Messiah

Soloists; Dunedin Consort and Players / John Butt (winner of Gramophone's 2007 Baroque Vocal Award) Read the review

Explore Handel:

The Mysteries, Myths, and Truths about Mr Handel – David Vickers takes an in-depth look at the composer, his life, and works.

Henry Purcell (1659-95)

Many regard Henry Purcell as the greatest English composer of all time. Among his most influential works are the opera Dido and Aeneas and the semi-operas The Fairy Queen and King Arthur.

Key recording:

The Fairy Queen

Lucy Crowe, Claire Debono, Anna Devin; Glyndebourne Chorus and Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment / William Christie (DVD of the Month, October 2010; 2010 Gramophone Award for DVD Performance) Read the review

Explore Purcell:

How we made England, my England: 'They actually built a sort-of London for me to burn down. What heaven!' – Tony Palmer reflects on the making of his acclaimed 1995 film on Purcell.

Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)

Claudio Monteverdi, a composer who bridged the Renaissance period and the Baroque, can be justly considered one of the most powerful figures in the history of music. Among his most notable works are the operas Orfeo and L’incoronazione di Poppea. 

Key recording:

Vespers

Taverner Consort / Andrew Parrott (The Top Choice in our Gramophone Collection Article in June 2010) Read the review

Explore Monteverdi:

Monteverdi's Combattimento: which recording is best? In his search for the ultimate recording, Lindsay Kemp finds surprisingly consistent treatment of Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda

Heinrich Schütz (1585-1672)

Heinrich Schütz was the greatest German composer of the 17th century and the first of international stature.

Key recording:

Musicalische Exequien

Vox Luminis / Lionel Meunier (Gramophone's Recording of the Year 2012) Read the review

Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757)

Domenico Scarlatti produced the vast body of instrumental music for which he’s best known, and in particular the keyboard sonatas. These works extended the genre immeasurably, introducing a virtuosity and brilliance that broke new ground.

Key recording:

Sonatas

Yevgeny Sudbin pf (Recording of the Month, April 2016; shortlisted for the 2016 Gramophone Instrumental Award) Read the review

Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683-1764)

Though he was no judge of librettos, Jean-Philippe Rameau raised the musical side of opera to a new level and in his ballets introduced many novel descriptive effects – the French loved these – such as the earthquake in Les Indes galantes.

Key recording:

Overtures

Les Talens Lyriques / Christophe Rousset (winner of the 1998 Gramophone Baroque Non-Vocal Award) Read the review

Explore Rameau:

Top 10 Rameau recordings – David Vickers recommends 10 of the Rameau’s works and their best recordings

Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713)

Arcangelo Corelli was the main founder of modern orchestral playing and the composer who fashioned two new musical forms, the Baroque trio and solo sonata, and the concerto grosso.

Key recording:

Complete Concerti Grossi

Amandine Beyer vn Gli Incogniti (Editor's Choice, February 2014; shortlisted for Gramophone's 2014 Baroque Instrumental Award) Read the review

Explore Corelli:

Top 10 Corelli recordings​ – Corelli's music continues to inspire musicians and listeners more than 300 years after his death. Here are some of the finest recordings.

Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767)

Georg Philipp Telemann was probably the most prolific composer in musical history. He wrote almost as much as Bach and Handel put together (and each of them wrote a perplexing amount) including 600 French overtures or orchestral suites, 200 concertos, 40 operas and more than 1000 pieces of church music.

Key recording:

Concertos & Cantata Ihr Völker Hört

Clare Wilkinson mez Florilegium (Editor's Choice, September 2016; shortlisted for Gramophone's 2017 Baroque Instrumental Award) Read the review 

The Best of Vivaldi: Timeless Classical Masterpieces 🎻

193,674 views Premiered Dec 15, 2024 ITALY

The Best of Vivaldi: Timeless Classical Masterpieces 🎻 🎼 Dive into the timeless world of classical music with our channel, dedicated to celebrating the masterpieces of history’s greatest composers. From powerful symphonies to delicate piano sonatas, we bring you the very best of classical music, carefully curated to inspire, relax, and captivate your soul. Whether you're a lifelong enthusiast or new to the genre, our channel is your gateway to the brilliance of Mozart, Vivaldi, Beethoven, and more. The Best of Vivaldi: Timeless Classical Masterpieces 🎻 Alongside sharing classical masterpieces, we present breathtaking visuals designed to inspire and enchant. Each video is a unique experience, crafted with the perfect blend of advanced tools and creativity.

 

The Ultimate Vivaldi Quiz

Quiz Image

Antonio Lucio Vivaldi: an Italian composer, virtuoso violinist and impresario of Baroque music. You may know his most famous work, but how much do you know about his life, family and death?

Vivaldi’s Four Seasons and the Impact of Climate Change

by Hermione Lai , Interlude

The Four Seasons, the fabulous collection of four violin concerti by Antonio Vivaldi have topped the Classical Music charts for decades on end. It has become part of modern culture, and the music is reshaped and arranged into different musical styles and adapted for solo instruments other than violin.

Portrait of Antonio Vivaldi

Vivaldi gave each concerto the title of a specific season, and his music imitates the sounds of barking dogs, warbling birds, the icy paths across frozen water, and even the blazing temperatures of summer. It’s a delightful and charming nature painting in music. The music was composed roughly 300 years ago, but times are changing, and so is the climate. 

Simone Candotto, the solo trombonist of the Hamburg Elbphilharmonie Orchestra, was born in a town near Venice, Vivaldi’s place of work. And we all know that Venice is gradually sinking into the sea because of the consequences of climate change. As such, Candotto decided to let people hear the consequences of climate change by re-composing The Four Seasons using climate data.

Simone Candotto

He engaged a team of software developers and music arrangers, and with the aid of a specific algorithm, he modified the source material to reflect the consequences of climate change. Much of that algorithm is based on 300 years of climate data, incorporating the increase in greenhouse gas carbon dioxide over the past centuries to the present day.

You can hear these changes very clearly in the music, as the summer motif already sneaks into the score in the spring. The seasons are clearly changing, and the rise of the global CO2 curve results in the notes becoming longer. Candotto explains, “It’s a big deal because I think it has an impact. But above all, there are the themes from the other seasons that come in so imperceptibly. That gives the impression that things are no longer the same as they used to be.” 

Since there are 15 percent fewer birds chirping in the trees than in the time of Vivaldi, the algorithm uses 15 percent less of the bird motifs to indicate the extinction of species. Extreme weather is sharply increasing, and Vivaldi arrives in the present.

You can hear the solo violin continuing to play part of the Vivaldi “Winter” concerto while the orchestra sinks into dissonant lethargy. It’s almost like a metaphor, with people continuing to live as before while nature sinks into chaos due to man-made climate change.

The idea of using climate data to recompose Vivaldi’s “The Four Seasons” has also been taken up by composer Hugh Crosthwaite and Monash University’s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. This creation looks to portray a future where the world has failed to act on global warming. 

This reworking also features AI algorithms based on climate predictions for the year 2050. It is a musical design system “that combines music theory with computer modelling to algorithmically generate countless local variations of the Vivaldi composition.” That is, it can model climate predictions for every location on the planet.

Looking at climate data, the algorithm alters the musical score to account for predicted changes in rainfall, biodiversity, sea-level rise, and extreme weather events for the location of performance. In some locations, storms will be more intense, the sea level will be dangerously rising, and wildlife will disappear.

There is no doubt that climate change is unravelling our seasons, and Spanish music director Hache Costa has adopted Vivaldi’s most famous work to reflect the grim reality of global warming. “If someone were to compose The Four Seasons from an absolutely realistic perspective,” the composer writes, “the music would be much more aggressive and grittier.” 

Costa projects the effects of global warming by adding prominence and drama to the summer concerto while shortening the other three. This re-composition is accompanied by projected images of wildfires and other effects of climate change, including drought. As Costa explained, “I would love the audience to feel really bothered at some point by becoming truly aware of what is happening.”

Max Richter

Award-winning composer and pianist Max Richter is not attempting to shock his audience, but he is actually advocating dialogue instead. Classically trained, Richter graduated in composition from the Royal Academy of Music and studied with the legendary Italian composer Luciano Berio. He loved the Vivaldi original as a child, but hearing the music abused for various reasons and causes, “it becomes an irritant.”

So, he decided to recompose the music, and his “New Four Seasons” weaves and loops the music to become a conversation between instruments and also a dialogue between the two composers. “There are sections where I’ve left Vivaldi alone,” he explains, “and other bits where there is basically only a homeopathic dose of Vivaldi in completely new music.” When it comes to climate change, we need a global dialogue with everybody pulling at the same string, and hopefully, Vivaldi can bring us all together.

Why should you listen to Vivaldi's "Four Seasons"? - Betsy Schwarm

View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-should-... Light, bright, and cheerful, "The Four Seasons" by Antonio Vivaldi is some of the most familiar of all early 18th century music, featured in numerous films and television commercials. But what is its significance, and why does it sound that way? Betsy Schwarm uncovers the underlying narrative of this musical masterpiece. Lesson by Betsy Schwarm, animation by Compote Collective.

9-year-old violin prodigy plays Max Richter’s thrilling take on Vivaldi ‘Summer’ in talent show finale

By Maddy Shaw Roberts

 

Here’s some Vivaldi-Richter violin magic, played by the youngest finalist of French TV talent show ‘Prodiges’, to blow you away.

In December, 9-year-old violinist Sora Lavorgna made it down to the finals of Prodiges, a French TV talent show judged by cello virtuoso Gautier Capuçon, along with a star opera singer and dancer.

The competition looks for the most promising young talents in three different categories, singing, instrument and dance, all performing to the sound of great works of classical music.

In her final performance, the young French Japanese violinist played contemporary classical composer Max Richter’s recomposition and reinterpretation of the talent show favourite ‘Summer’ from Vivaldi’s collection of Baroque concertos The Four Seasons.

‘Summer 1’ is all intricate ostinato and soaring solo violin lines, making it the perfect showpiece for any high-stakes competition final. Sora gave a stunning performance, displaying a warm vibrato and tone, and incredible musicianship for a player of her age.

During the competition, which also saw her play the Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto, Capuçon told her: “You impressed us, you show incredible concentration and determination for your nine years.”

Prodiges showcases 15 virtuosos aged nine to 16, whose performances are all accompanied by the Divertimento orchestra, under the baton of conductor Zahia Ziouani.

The jury is made up of three leading musical figures: Capuçon, prima ballerina and choreographer Marie-Claude Pietragalla, and soprano Julie Fuchs.  

For this ninth season of Prodiges, hosted by Faustine Bollaert, the final trophy was taken by 12-year-old ballet dancer Sacha, who also won the study grant of 10,000 euros. Sacha was told by Pietragalla: “You are dance-incarnate, you make me want to go dancing. You are beautiful, radiant, you have beautiful footwork, I would like to follow you.”

9-year-old violinist Sora Lavorgna plays Richter's 'Summer 1' in finals of 'Prodiges'. Picture: Prodiges/YouTube

Sora, who at nine years old was the youngest contestant in the entire competition, began playing the violin at age four at the Cannes Conservatory.

During the show, she explained that she practises the violin two hours a day and prior to Prodiges, had won the prestigious Arthur Grumiaux International Violin Competition in Belgium.

We look forward to seeing what else is in store for this brilliant young player.

Prodiges has not only put classical music front and centre on a major French TV channel, but has also produced some stars of the future and major recording contracts.

The debut album of violin and cello star Camille Berthollet, the 2014 winner of the show, went gold on Warner Classics in less than two months. She has since released six string duo albums alongside her sister, Julie Berthollet, with whom she also performed at Classic FM Live in 2021.

The Invisible Force: Wind

by Maureen Buja, Interlude

The elements of nature frequently are represented in music: water, snow, and, of course, wind. We looked at a number of different works that might, literally, blow us away. We never see the wind but only the effect of the wind. Composers give us the added dimension of being able to hear the wind.

In Lully’s 1674 opera Alceste, which tells the story of the Queen of Thessaly, Alceste, who has been abducted by the King of Scyros, together with the help of a sea nymphs and Aeolus, the god of winds. The North Wind is summoned to create a violent storm to help the kidnapper get away by sea and arrives with a swoosh.

Following this, the god Éole intervenes to calm the storm by sending the gentle West Wind to disperse the violent North Wind.

Lully: Alceste: The gods, the mortals, and the winds, 1708 (score, Paris, 2nd edition)

One of the common ways to show the winds was to combine them with a storm – we hear this in Vivaldi’s Four Seasons and in Justin Heinrich Knecht’s orchestral work Le portrait musical de la nature (The Musical Portrait of Nature). Written in 1784–85 as a pastoral symphony, the symphony ends the second movement with a gathering of storm clouds and it is in the third movement that the storm breaks, with the wind whistling through the trees, and rain descending in torrents.

For Debussy, in his Préludes, Book 1, the West Wind is violent and savage. Moved from its piano original to the orchestra, the work seems to grow in stature. The title, Ce qu’a vu le vent d’ouest, makes us imagine just what is the West Wind bring with it: a storm and rain beat against a cliff. Nature is unleashed and all we can do is endure.

Storm

The French composer Tristan Murail picks up from Debussy’s vision of the west wind and gives us Dernières nouvelles du vent d’ouest (Latest News from the West Wind). The West Wind strikes France in Normandy and the news it carries from across the Atlantic isn’t always the best.

The Wind in Brittany

French composer Philippe Chamouard sought inspiration for the 1997 work Poème du vent (The Poem of the Wind) in a poem by Oshikhoshi Mitsume, which contrasts the scarlet leaves that are blowing in the wind with the image in the still water of the leaves still on the tree. The music makes the leaves fall downward to float away on the mirroring water.

Red leaves in water

Some composers don’t focus on one wind but invoke the wind from all directions. In his guitar work Si le jour parait… (If The Day Seems…), North African composer Maurice Ohana gives Jeu des quatre vents, the game of the four winds. He also pays tribute to Debussy’s piece to the west wind, by instructing the performer with these directions: Animé, tumultueux, commencez un peu au-dessous du mouvement (Animated, tumultuous, begin a little below the tempo), the same words used by Debussy in his score.

In the fifth of his Six Sonnets for violin and piano from 1922, Catalan composer Eduardo Toldrà invokes a sonnet by the poet Padre Antonio Navarro in his Dels quatre vents (Of the Four Winds). At the beginning of the score, Toldrà gives us the 14-line sonnet that inspired him (‘Dia fervent d’agost era aquell dia…’) invoking a hot day in August, under a serene blue sky, with cicadas singing and two white doves overhead.

The winds blow, sometimes violently and sometimes gently, but always invisibly. We can only see the effect of the wind, not the wind itself.

Four Seasons ~ Vivaldi - his life and his music

245,146,692 views Jan 31, 2011 Antonio Vivaldi - Four Seasons Budapest Strings Bela Banfalvi, Conductor You can get the exact album I have here on Amazon: http://amzn.to/1I2dNNu (affiliate). Here are the times for the specific movements: Spring 0:00 Summer 10:31 Autumn 20:59 Winter 32:48 I hope you love this recording! It is my favorite one I've heard yet. Happy Listening!

Antonio Vivaldi was born 1678 in Venice (the exact date is unknown) and passed away on July 28, 1741 in Vienna/Austria. He was an Italian composer and violinist and became a violinist pupil of the great Giovanni Legrenzi (1626-1690). In 1703, Vivaldi was ordained as priest and has been nick-named as the "red haired priest" (Il prete rosso). 1716, he became principal of the music school for girls in Venice. He loved to travel extensively and became one of the first composers of his time. He was one of the first composers, using clarinets and composed fantastic chamber music, secular cantatas, church music, oratorio, and operas. Despite tremendous output, he was by no means a conventional composer, and much of instrumental works show a lively and fertile imagination. As with Bach, Vivaldi's music was unfashionable and unpopular or many years; however, since the 1950s, there has been enormous revival of interest in Vivaldi's music especially in Europe, and later followed also in the USA. Especially his cincerts, among which four works for violin, collectively known as "The Four Seasons", have become particularly popular. Appreciating Vivaldi's originality and diversity is to get beyond the form, and to listen to his fresh and melodic writings. Vivaldi invented a a structure for his conciertos that served him very we. No two pieces are exactly the same, and the combination of structural discipline and melody freedom is the hallmark of musical greatness from any period. Vivaldi composed 49 operas, 22 pieces only for the town of Venice. Johann Sebastian Bach admired Vivaldi so much, that he rearranged some compositions of Vivaldi and felt very much inspired for more wonderful compositions. Vivaldi died in Vienna in totally poverty.

Antonio Vivaldi - Seine Musik und sein Leben Vivaldi wurde 1678 in Venedig geboren. Sein Vater war Barbier und spielte im Orchester der Kathedrale von San Marco Violine. Sein Leben lang hatte Vivaldi gesundheitliche Probleme. Er litt an einer chronischen Krankheit, wahrscheinlich Herzschwäche oder einer Form von Asthma. Sein musikalisches Talent trat früh hervor. Schon als Kind sprang er gelegentlich im Orchester von San Marco für seinen Vater ein. Hier geriet er auch in den Zauberbann venezianischer Musik, die ihn später bei seinen eigenen Kompositionen so sehr beeinflussen sollte. Im Alter von 14 Jahren trat Vivaldi in die Priesterlaufbahn ein, für die ihn der Vater bestimmt hatte. Mit 25 wurde er zum Priester geweiht. Zu seinen Hauptpflichten gehörte das Zelebrieren der Messe, wobei er jedesmal fast eine Stunde lang singen musste. Wegen seiner Erkrankung gab er diese Tätigkeit nach einem Jahr wieder auf. Von weitaus größerem Interesse war für ihn seine Tätigkeit als Violin-Lehrer am Ospedale della Pietà in Venedig, in dem verwaiste und unehelich geborene Mädchen erzogen wurden. Vivaldi brachte ihnen das Geigenspiel bei. Er komponierte auch neue Stücke, die die Mädchen einmal die Woche bei ihren Konzerten vortrugen. Wahrscheinlich sicherte ihm seine Priesterwürde diese Tätigkeit, da man von einem Priester erwartete, dass er die Grenzen der Schicklichkeit wahrte. Vivaldi verbrachte 12 glückliche Jahre am Ospedale. Den jungen Mädchen gefiel seine galante, charmante Art, und da von Natur aus extrovertiert, genoss Vivaldi seinerseits die Aufmerksamkeit, die ihm entgegengebracht wurde. Der Spitzname "Roter Priester" passte nicht nur zu seiner Haarfarbe, sondern auch zu seinem sprühenden Temperament. Die Konzerte, bei denen er seine Kompositionen dirigierte, waren musikalische Höhepunkte im venezianischen Kulturleben. Kaum ein Besucher der Stadt ließ sich ein Vivaldi-Konzert entgehen. Während dieser Zeit wurde Vivaldi sich seines steigenden Ansehens bewusst und beschloss, daraus Kapital zu schlagen. Als erstes suchte er sich einen Verleger in Amsterdam, der über bessere Druckmöglichkeiten von Noten verfügte als die Venezianer. Das bedeutete: Er konnte seine Werke besser verkaufen und mehr Geld verdienen. Außerdem begann er, Opern zu schreiben. Seine erste Oper "Ottone in Villa" führte er 1713 auf. Schon bald komponierte er Opern für Theater-Direktoren im ganzen Nordosten Italiens. Die langen Abwesenheiten verärgerten seine Arbeitgeber am Ospedale. 1723 wurde ein Abkommen getroffen: Es gab Vivaldi die Freiheit, an Opern zu arbeiten, vorausgesetzt, er liefere in Venedig zwei Konzerte im Monat ab und überwache ihre Aufführungen. Vivaldi arbeitete schnell. Für ein Concerto brauchte er einen Tag, eine Oper schaffte er in einer Woche. Er verdiente viel Geld und gab viel aus. Deshalb sah er sich nach weiteren Verdienstquellen um und beschloss, dass es lukrativer sei, Abschriften der Noten direkt zu verkaufen, als über seinen Verleger. Als Preis berechnete er eine Guinee pro Concerto, umgerechnet etwa 150 Euro. Den Kirchenvätern wurde die allzu weltliche Einstellung Vivaldis bald suspekt. Als Priester wurde von ihm erwartet, in einem reinen Männerhaushalt zu leben. Seine Krankheit bot ihm den idealen Vorwand, eine Schwester zu seiner Pflege einzustellen. Außerdem machte er Anna Giraud, eine bekannte Sopranistin, und ihre Schwester zu seinen Begleiterinnen. Es gab Gerüchte, aber ein Verhältnis konnte ihm nicht nachgewiesen werden. 1737, im Zuge einer Kampagne gegen den Sittenverfall im Klerus, verbot ihm der Erzbischof von Ferrara, die Stadt zu betreten. Hier sollte er die musikalische Leitung während der Opernsaison innehaben. Als Gründe wurden Vivaldis Weigerung, die Messe zu zelebrieren, und seine Beziehung zu Anna Giraud angeführt. Der 59jährige bestritt jegliches unziemliche Verhalten und brachte zur Verteidigung seine Krankheit vor, ohne Erfolg. Von nun an nahm sein Ansehen rasch ab. Bis 1740 hatte sich der venezianische Geschmack geändert. Vivaldis Musik war aus der Mode gekommen. Er ging nach Wien in der Hoffnung, den österreichischen Kaiser für neue Aufträge zu gewinnen, erhielt aber kaum Beachtung. Alt und krank starb er am 28. Juli 1741 in Wien. Er hatte zuletzt in sehr ärmlichen Verhältnissen gelebt und wurde mit einem Armenbegräbnis beigesetzt. Trotz der überragenden Qualität seines Werkes - das über 450 Concerti und 45 Opern umfasst - und Vivaldis Bestrebungen, es zu verbreiten, wurde nur ein Bruchteil zu seinen Lebzeiten veröffentlicht. Die meisten Kompositionen wurden nach seinem Tod entdeckt, viele erst in den zwanziger Jahren dieses Jahrhunderts bekannt. Seine neue Herangehensweise an die Musik des Barock hat Vivaldi in einer Reihe glanzvoller Kompositionen bewiesen. Die heitere Lebhaftigkeit seiner Musik lässt das prächtige und schillernde Venedig des 18. Jahrhunderts wieder aufleben.