The Classical Period of Music

The Classical Period of music may have given its name as the popular descriptor for all of Western sophisticated instrumental composition, but its actual timeline is relatively short. All of the other delineated musical eras get at least a full century. However, the Classical Era is often cited as the latter half of the eighteenth century. At its longest, the Classical Era ran just seventy to eighty years, ending no later than 1820. Despite the Classical Era's short run, its impact on instrumental music has been enormous.

The period takes the appellation "Classical" due to the philosophical and cultural return to the classical values of antiquity, which greatly influenced musical composition. The Baroque Era ended Europe's first return to the philosophical and artistic values of classical Rome and Greece. The Classical Era, in turn, was a clear break from the Baroque style.  In this article, you'll discover Classical Era music's main characteristics, how it differs from what came before, and how its name has come to be used as the broader term for Western instrumental music.

Short description of what Classical Era music is

Most modern music fans would most likely find it odd to learn that the music of the Classical Era developed from a search for a simpler, cleaner, more humanistic musical expression with universal qualities and appeal.

As part of its reach towards universality, Classical Period composers drew on a combination of qualities, each prevalent in different European traditions. Composers from all over Europe drew on the formality and precision from the Germans, lyrical artistry from Italy, and technical craftsmanship valued in France, to create their works. Ultimately, they developed recognizable forms any audience anywhere could identify and appreciate.

Indeed, writing and performing music that would delight the greatest number of people was a primary goal of Classical Era composers. They strove to create works with clean, balanced, and elegant sound. For this reason, Classical Era music is largely homophonic with simpler melodies supported by subordinate harmonies and more significant uses of chords. Composers also increased use of phrases of varying length that are clearly punctuated by cadences. This change in phrasing and increased used of cadences allowed composers to display a diverse range of mood and emotional expression within the same work.

 

 Haydn's Symphony No. 14 in A major, a representative work of early Classical Era composition

The Classical Period also saw the formalization of many musical forms, such as the symphony and concerto, that still form the basis of little "c" classical music. With this standardization of forms and simpler melodies, the composers of the time included more notations as to how their works were to be performed. While the era of the virtuoso was yet to come, the individual composer started the transition from servant to the Church or court to celebrated artist during the Classical Era.

Origins and context of the Classical Period

Classical Era music didn't generate itself in a vacuum. Music evolved within the broader culture of the time, called the Age of Enlightenment, which shared some characteristics with the Renaissance, most obviously its return to the ancient world of Greece and Rome for cultural inspiration. Both periods were preceded by times where the Church played a dominant role in society, and the people were sublimated to its will.

In contrast, antiquity held to a more humanistic vision. It provided space for individuality within the context of a universal ideal that connected everyone in common humanity. These universal ideals were expressed through objective truths that could be accessed by all through reason, logic, and dialectic.  Newton's writings were highly influential, as they defined a framework and foundation for formal, rational inquiry that could be used to advance scientific discoveries. Information gathered through empirical inquiry could be organized through categorization and hierarchy, improving the common understanding of the world. In political philosophy, writers like Locke and Montesquieu talked about immutable individual rights that weren't granted by an external authority, like the Church or monarchy, but existed in nature.

On an artistic level, values of organization and logic presented themselves through a more orderly aesthetic of balance and elegance. The visual arts of the time are often called "neoclassical" because of their use of antiquity as a creative touchstone.

Sculpture of the era focused on a neoclassical vision of an idealized, heroic human form. Houdon was famous for his neoclassical busts of contemporary greats like George Washington and Voltaire. Italian sculptor Canova created full-figure works often based on ancient mythology like The Three Graces and his pugilists. These visual artists, as well as the composers of the Classical Era, believed that beauty itself could be achieved through the execution of logical, objective rules, such as proportion and balance.

The philosophical revival of reason and the individual, along with a growing, more literate middle class, began undermining the power and control of the traditional authorities. Improvements in printing spread knowledge to the public outside the control of the church or monarchies. The people could start making political criticisms of local powers and making their own leisure choices.

In a musical context, this meant that the Church was no longer a primary patron of musicians and composers, nor were noble courts. Aristocratic houses were important musical patrons in the Classical Era, but a middle class with growing wealth wanted music in their homes and lives as well. Public music festivals and performances also began to grow. The middle class took an interest in becoming amateur musicians and hosts, not just audience members. These social shifts were the other forces that prompted a steady stream of simpler, more accessible music.

For the professional composers and musicians, the emphasis on science and organization was applied to music by codifying compositional rules, which led to the establishment of many of the classical music forms that are still used now.

Hallmarks of Classical Period Music

Classical values of rationalism, universality, cosmopolitism, and elegance were the artistic inspirations for Classical Era music. These Classical ideals manifested themselves in music using:

Homophonic melodies to create clean, simple, texture audiences could connect with harmonies composed based on formalized rules of harmonic function that support and work with the melody to enrich the texture in a balanced, controlled manner slower, more controlled dynamics, such as the use of crescendo, diminuendo, and sforzando, to provide a restrained emotional expression and more graceful transitions a linear narrative with clear, balanced phrases punctuated by a cadence patterned, thematic development, often through a dialectic between contrasting themes or progressions through theme variations great variety within a piece through changes in key, dynamics, and melodies.

A great example of a Classical Era device that encapsulates the aesthetic and philosophical values of the day: use of the antecedent/consequent melody, which presents a distinct, linear melody underscored by a harmonious balance and a clear resolution marking the part's end. Here's an example from the first movement of Mozart's Symphony in C Major, K. 551: 

How Classical Era music separated itself from Baroque music

Some major artistic shifts occur as evolutions from what came before, while others arise from a rejection of the precedent style. Much of what defined Classical Era music can be seen as a rejection of the aesthetic values and hallmarks of the Baroque period.

Galant or "Sensitive style" music as stepping stone between Baroque and Classical Eras

Baroque and Classical music co-existed for a time. Musical tastes moved through various transition phases before the Baroque Period truly ended. The Late Baroque Period was dominated by a new artistic style called "rococo." Rococo departed from Baroque arts as a lighter, more playful style. Baroque arts and architecture are highly decorated with great ornamental flourishes.

In music, the rococo style was called the Galant style or sensitive style. More elegant and restrained than Baroque music, but also less serious. Composers enjoyed the fashionable style for its more harmonious aspect. Yet the growing sense that the Galant style ornamentation was shallow and merely decorative didn't align well with the philosophical, orderly preferences of the Enlightenment. Hence the final stronger break with Baroque artistic values and forms.

Clear distinctions between Baroque and Classical Music

You can see the Classical Era traits, characterized by its natural, simpler style considered to be reflecting an objective standard of good taste, in clear relief when compared to Baroque music:

Baroque music was more ornate, primarily polyphonic with a more complicated texture, which gave it a profoundly unnatural sound, while Classical Era music used its simpler textures to provide a more natural, melodic ambiance.

While Classical Era music has a linear foundation, punctuated by clear, separate phrases that can each have their own emotional center, Baroque composition with cycled through melodic and rhythmic patterns that focused on one mood.

Classical Era composers did away with basso continuo, the fixed, continuous accompaniment that was the rhythmic and harmonic foundation of Baroque composition. Composers wrote specific accompanying bass lines and harmonies with each work that existed in equipoise to the melody.

Classical Period composers provided increased notations as much of the artistic flourishes derived from tempo and dynamics, and as all the parts were written to combine into cohesive phrases throughout the work.

The richly textured Baroque music, dominated in tone by the harpsichord, contrasts with more natural sounding instruments preferred by Classical Era audiences, such as strings and woodwinds.

From the Manheim School to the Viennese Classical Style

The Manheim School, based in German royal court, grew during this period of overlap between Baroque and Classical and its transitional styles. The Manheim composers, working in the middle eighteenth century, were early adopters and innovators of the Classical music norms that would be more fully developed and codified later in the Classical Era. Manheim school composer Carl Stamitz is an excellent example of this time; his works show some elements of Galant style as well use of the sonata form.

Stamitz's Viola Concerto No. 1 in D Major

By the late eighteenth century, came the height of the Classical Era with the Viennese Classical style, sometimes referred to as the First Viennese School. Vienna was the artistic and cultural epicenter of Europe. All the great and good composers convened there, including Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven.

It was during the middle and late phases of the Classical Era that the codified musical forms, such as the symphony and sonata form, were settled. This was also the apex of Classical Era music values, as evidenced by Beethoven's String Quartet in F major, Op. 59, No. 1 (1806).

Evolution of musical forms

Having noble, provincial patrons, rather than a local church or royal court with nearly unlimited resources, often left Classical composers with fewer musicians of varying skill. This relative scarcity aligned nicely with Age of Enlightenment values of simpler, universal music that could be enjoyed and even performed, by middle-class music aficionados. The result was the growth of chamber music during the Classical Era.  Examples include:

Forms of chamber music popularly played at outdoor concerts and festivals, such as divertimenti, serenades, and nocturnes

Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik KV 525

The string quartet, which grew out of the Baroque trio sonata, but in the Classical evolution, gave each of the four instruments a clear voice.

Haydn's String Quartet Op. 33, No. 3 (The Bird)

Haydn also standardized the symphony format into four movements (although Mozart typically stuck with three):

first movement: often in sonata form, in allegro

second movement: slower and more lyrical, perhaps in sonata form

third movement: minuet and trio format or scherzo and trio; another lively movement that evokes dancing, with the trio sandwiched by the minuet or scherzo

fourth movement: the energetic finale, typically in either sonata or rondo form

Standardization of the sonata form was a necessary part of the formalizing the four-movement symphony. During this era, the sonata form was codified into its exposition – development – recapitulation design of thematic exploration.

Two other musical forms developed during the Classical Era that replaced the Baroque concerto grosso, a form of smaller groups of instruments performing against a larger orchestra:

The solo concerto, which highlighted the skill of an individual soloist and was an attractive draw for public concerts. The solo concerto existed during the Baroque Era but was composed for a broader range of instruments due to its popularity in the Classical Period.

The symphonie concertante (or sinfonia concertante), which uses multiple groups of soloists that contrast each other and the orchestra.

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Joseph Boulogne's, Chevalier de Saint Georges, Symphonie concertante in G Major

Another popular music format to appear during the Classical Era was the comic opera. Not that serious opera wasn't prevalent during this period. It was and often drew of stories from Greek mythology, like Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice.

Comic opera, or opera buffa, told the stories of everyday people in crazy circumstances or in the epic search for love – not unlike the sitcom style of television, but with more music.  For example, there's Mozart's Cosi Fan Tutte, where two soldiers make bets whether their girlfriends can remain faithful.

Evolution of Orchestras and Instruments during the Classical Period

One of the main departures from the Baroque Era was the disappearance of the harpsichord from Classical Era composition. The pianoforte replaced it by the middle of the eighteenth century, but it wasn't a central instrument in the works as the harpsichord was. However, the appearance of the piano, much as we know it today, arrived by the late eighteenth century and classical composers loved it, writing many concertos and sonatas.

The strings took on greater prominence, due to their particular ability to best reflect the human voice. That human, natural element was appealing to Classical audiences. Mozart formalized the violin sonata with piano accompaniment during the Classical Era, which generally contained two movements.  Mozart's Violin Sonata No. 21 in E Minor.

The woodwinds also took on a conspicuous role and for the first time, became a distinct section within the orchestra. Like strings, woodwinds were prized for their ability to produce natural, elegant tones. The number and type of woodwind and horn instruments that became standard in an orchestra grew.

The entire orchestra grew and was standardized during the Classical Period. Its basic format of four instrumental sections was set by composers of the Manheim school. Later during the Classical Period, the standard orchestra size grew by adding multiples to existing instruments, especially in the woodwind and horn sections. The inclusion of new instruments, like the trombone and French horn, also contributed to the larger orchestra.

Published by StringOvation Team on April 12, 2019

Secret Stories Behind The Greatest Classical Compositions: Copland’s Fanfare For The Common Man

You've probably heard Fanfare for the Common Man a thousand times in some variation - from film and television to rockers Emerson, Lake & Palmer's styled rendition.  But where and how did this renowned musical composition originate?  Let's find out.

Fanfare for the Common Man was written by American composer Aaron Copland (1900 - 1990), often referred to as "The Dean of American Composers." Copland's music evokes images of the American landscape and the pioneers of the West, in a vernacular style heard in such renowned works as Billy the Kid, Rodeo, and Appalachian Spring. 

Copland was commissioned to write a fanfare (a majestic blend of trumpets, brass, and drums usually played to announce the arrival of an important person, such as a king or queen) in 1942 by the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, under the direction of conductor Eugene Goossens. The commission came during America's entrance into World War II at the end of 1941. 

In his biography, Copeland wrote: "Goossens had written to me at the end of August about an idea he wanted to put into action for the 1942-43 concert season. During World War I, he had asked British composers for a fanfare to begin each orchestral concert. It had been so successful that he thought to repeat the procedure in World War II with American composers." 

The inspiration for Fanfare came from then Vice President of the United States Henry A. Wallace's famous speech of early 1942 when he proclaimed the dawning of the "Century of the Common Man." 

Coming up with a title

Goossens suggested titles to Copeland such as Fanfare for Soldiers, or sailors, or airmen, and he wrote, "It is my idea to make these fanfares stirring and significant contributions to the war effort." Copland considered several titles such as Fanfare for a Solemn Ceremony and Fanfare for Four Freedoms, but ultimately titled the piece Fanfare for the Common Man. 

Although most of the fanfares by Goossens’ symphony had military themes, Copland took a different approach. "I sort of remember how I got the idea of writing Fanfare for the Common Man," he recalled later, "­It was the common man, after all, who was doing all the dirty work in the war and the army. He deserved a fanfare." 

Upon hearing the final work, Goossens wrote to Copland, "Its title is as original as its music, and I think it is so telling that it deserves a special occasion for its performance. If it is agreeable to you, we will premiere March 12, 1943, at income tax time." 

A total of eighteen fanfares were written at Goossens' bequest over the years, but Copland's Fanfare is the only one which remains in the standard repertoire to this day. The stirring patriotic feelings that the work inspires was best summed up by Sean McCollum in an article for the Kennedy Center, "Unlike most fanfares, Copland's is slow and majestic. It starts with percussive drums, gong, and timpani, rumbling like a distant battle. Then the clear, clarion call of three trumpets, playing in unison, establishes the main theme. French horns join the trumpets, building support and harmony. Finally, the growls of trombones and tuba emerge from below as the fanfare builds to its climax — the brass ensemble establishing a powerful wall of sound. Fanfare for the Common Man seems to capture in music the notion of people bravely joining forces to stand against danger." 

Uses of the Fanfare

Copland later used Fanfare as the main theme of the fourth movement of his Third Symphony composed between 1944 and 1946. Over the years alternative versions have been made, and fragments of the work have appeared in musical scores of films, such as Jimmy King's theme in Ready to Rumble and the Bollywood film Parinda. John Williams' main themes for the 1978 film Superman and his score for Saving Private Ryan, both draw heavily on Copland's piece. 

Other trivia tidbits include Fanfare being played at the Los Angeles Airport as the space shuttle Endeavor touched down after its final flight on September 21, 2012. It was played by the New York Philharmonic at the dedication of the 9/11 Museum in lower Manhattan on May 15, 2014.  It was also played at Independence Hall in Philadelphia on September 26, 2015, as Pope Francis appeared to make a speech on religious freedom, delivered from the lectern used by Abraham Lincoln to deliver the Gettysburg Address. 

Take a listen to the New York Philharmonic, conducted by James Levine, play the Fanfare.  How does the music make you feel?

 Published by StringOvation Team on February 07, 2018

Top photo of Aaron Copland from the CBS television/New York Philharmonic "Young Peoples' Concerts" series, circ. 1970s. Courtesy of Wiki Commons.

The 5 Key Roles in an Orchestra That You Never Heard of

When young string musicians envision a future in the orchestra, they most likely think of themselves as professional musicians or the conductor. Yet it takes far more than the players and the conductor to keep a large orchestra together, rehearsing, and putting on multiple performances each year, especially if they partner with a dance or theater group.

If you are interested in a musical career, it’s important to expose yourself to the wide range of options out there. Not everyone will make the cut and get to play in a symphony or orchestra — it’s a highly competitive career after all. And not everyone who loves playing or even listening to music wants the pressure of being a professional performer. Even if these other options aren’t your first choice, being hired in one area or field of interest often paves the way and forges the connections required to open the door to a more preferred position.

Behind the Scenes of the Professional Orchestra Cast

Here are five orchestra roles you may not have heard of in the past. And, who knows? Perhaps one of them has your name on it. Don’t forget that landing an internship in an orchestra is one of the best ways to get a first-row seat to the inner workings of orchestras and the range of jobs available to you there.

1. General Manager (Also called the Managing Director)

In the corporate world, the orchestra manager would be the CEO. Just as the neck, tuning pegs, and tailpiece keep your strings together on the body of your instrument, the orchestra’s general manager works to keep all of the moving administrative, functional, and personnel components together within the orchestra family. 

They oversee every aspect of the orchestra’s function, from administration and hiring procedures to contractual agreements with the musicians, as well as scheduling personnel and overseeing the production calendar. 

Other examples of an orchestra general manager’s tasks include:

Connecting with and recruiting musicians and conductors

Commissioning new works

Creating schedules for rehearsals and performances

Negotiating contracts and fees

Getting clearance for music rights

Overseeing the management of the orchestra library (see below)

Securing and preparing venues for rehearsals and performances

Being the liaison between various orchestra departments

Traveling as necessary when the orchestra is on tour

In smaller orchestras, the general manager may be akin to a “one-person orchestra.” In larger orchestras, they oversee and delegate to staff. You will make a great general orchestra manager if you have an equal love of music and musicianship paired with a head for music or theater business, finances, and management. 

2. Personnel Director

In larger orchestras, the General Manager has the luxury of a Personnel Director. The Orchestra Personnel Director is the human resources manager of the orchestra. Among other duties, they oversee the hiring of the musicians and other personnel, negotiate contracts within the parameters set by the Managing Director, and prepare the payroll.

As the Personnel Director, you would also handle or facilitate:

Any personnel issues that arise

Hiring substitute or extra musicians

Managing the personnel budget

Coordinating recruiting, applications, and auditions processes

Serving as the liaison among the Music Director, musicians, staff, guest artists, and administration

In addition to a bachelor’s degree in music, administration or HR experience is a bonus, and most orchestras will also want to see some experience in orchestral administration. Your people skills and personal integrity are also essential because of the legal and confidential nature of your responsibilities.

3. Stage Manager

An orchestra concert is a performance. Those performances can be simple such as the orchestra performing a single symphonic work. Or they can be very complex such as an opera, ballet, or musical theater performance. As with traditional theaters, orchestras employ Stage Managers, who work under the general manager and in partnership with the Music and Artistic Director(s), to handle all of the stage aspects of rehearsals and performances.

The Orchestra Stage Manager is responsible for all of the technical, production, and general stage management aspects associated with any performance, which are all planned well in advance and executed on-site. This includes:

Setting up and striking shows

Determining and organizing all equipment required

Working with Personnel Director as needed to bring on additional technical staff and performers

Negotiating all technical needs

Creating a safe working environment for everyone involved, both on and off stage

Coordinate logistical arrangements in support of development, marketing, education, public relations, and special events.

And the list goes on.

This is a very intense position and requires the right education (typically a degree in music or arts management), prior working experience in the field, and extreme attention to detail.

4. Orchestrator

This is not to be confused with a music arranger. While arrangers reinvent a complete work of music, Orchestrators pick up where a composer left off. As a string player, you’re used to seeing a complete music score, with all parts intact and with pre-printed markings for tempo, dynamics, etc. However, what you may not realize, is that the original composer may have only composed the melody and some sparse harmonics and passed it on to the Orchestrator.

From there, the Orchestrator collaborates with the composer or simply works through experience and intuition to develop the piece fully. In the 21st century, most Orchestrators work in the film or TV industries or with pieces of music that were commissioned for a particular event or performance or to honor a certain theme.

From the skeletal composition, it’s the Orchestrator’s job to:

Create or develop harmonies and chords

Assigning instrument parts

Create tempo and dynamic instructions

Work in collaboration with the composer, director/composer, and other Orchestrators

Transpose works into different keys or adjusts them to suit a guest soloist’s preferences, range, and abilities

In addition to being music composers in their own right, most Orchestrators begin working as music assistants to other Orchestrators to gain experience and a name for themselves. Getting an internship in a TV, film, or symphony orchestra is also a smart way to gain desirable work experience and connections.

5. Orchestra Librarian

Do you love to spend your days looking at amazing musical scores? Has music history been a favorite part of your musical education experience? Are you highly organized and love the idea of working in an orchestra but have no desire to stand out as a performer or conductor? If so, Orchestra Librarian may be the perfect career fit for you. 

The Orchestra Librarian plays an essential role in the orchestra. They work closely with the Music and Artistic Director(s) as well as all of the musicians but enjoy their acclaim outside of the limelight. In addition to maintaining the orchestra’s own archives of music, and managing rentals and check-outs of these resources by staff and other personnel, the Orchestra Librarian also:

Arranges the purchase or rental of music from other sources

Procures and disseminates music scores well in advance, so there is time for the Music Director and/or Concertmaster to assign bowing 

Checks in/out and reviews all incoming and outgoing music scores (and, potentially, equipment or other archived materials) for quality, replacing damaged or aged copies as needed

Accurately transcribes all bowings and music notations from the Director and Concertmaster into the collection

Erases all previous notations from prior musicians when music is returned

Assembles and arranges music in orchestra folders

Attends all rehearsals (arriving at least an hour early) and performances to take notes of any changes or mistakes and to amend those on musicians’ copies

Organize and track reference materials

Manage orchestra library staff

Most Orchestra Librarians have a college degree, music and/or library science preferred, and have some level of experience working with an orchestra. The ability to expertly read music is essential, as is a love of classical and orchestral music.What do you think? Each of these five key roles in an orchestra can be a wonderful way to enjoy a career in music while also celebrating and honoring your other interests and gifts. Any of them appeal to you? If you want to learn more about them, why not reach out to your local orchestra or symphony and see if you can interview the folks in these roles?

Published by StringOvation Team on June 08, 2021

The 8 Highest Paying Jobs in the Music Industry

 

Recently, there was a post on Reddit's r/choosingbeggars. A band leader wanted a drummer to join him for a gig. It was a paying gig, but the bandleader expected the drummer to play for free. "Isn't it the art that feeds your soul?" the band leader asked.

"No," a drummer replied, "the money I earn playing gigs buys the food that feeds my soul."

Artistic expression can be its own reward, but most of us need (and want) more material rewards as well. For those of you who love music, want to work in music, and want to make a ton of money doing it, here are eight jobs in the music industry that pay top dollar.

Global mega-star. Beyonce and Jay-Z are reportedly worth a combined $1.4 billion. Now, they didn't earn all that money directly from their music. Still, it was their success as global music stars that provided the platform from which they could enter other lucrative businesses. Being a global mega-star can earn you tons, but it's a hard row to hoe. Here are some other, more realistic options that pay very well.

Booking agent. If you're not going to be the global mega-star, you may be able to be the booking agent that plans their tours. There's a steep career ladder to climb, and the lower rungs pay poorly. As you move up, you can earn an annual salary anywhere from a $250,000 to over one million dollars.

Full-time orchestral musician with a prominent orchestra. Pay rates for orchestral musicians vary widely, with the reputational category of the orchestra as a key driver. A starting position at one of the top five orchestras in the United States will be in the low six figures. Principals can earn much more. Orchestral musicians with orchestras in smaller markets will typically start in the mid to high five figures.

The same approximate salary numbers that apply to orchestral musicians also apply to an orchestra's conductor and music director. The impact of the reputation and market of the orchestra on salary numbers is also similar. That may not remain the same, as the past few years have shown a spike in conductor and music director salaries.

If classical isn't your performance route and you're not working towards becoming a successful recording artist, you can earn fantastic money as a session artist. The top 10% of session artists earn $152,547 per year.

Music producer. One of the greatest financial benefits of being a music producer is that this position earns royalties. That's right. The better the music they produce performs in the marketplace, the more they earn. In theory, there's no roof on how much a music producer can make.

Film/TV music supervisor. What would our favorite films and TV shows be without their soundtracks? A typical salary gets close to six figures, and those at the top of the field can earn more. There's more opportunity in television to make good money as a music supervisor than in film. Be prepared to know as much about copyrights and the legalities of using music as you do music itself in order to be successful.

Music attorney. If both the logical and creative sides of your brain are working at full steam, you might want to think about becoming a music attorney. All those artists, record labels, venues, and related music services need attorneys who specialize in the music industry to sort out their business dealings. This position can start in low six figures and get into the seven figures with experience, especially if you earn partner status.

Many music industry professions start with modest salaries that provide opportunity to reach high five or low six-figure salaries. These aren't jobs where only the best of the best reach six figures. These are jobs like sound engineers, music therapists, and music copyright managers. With experience and a solid reputation, these careers can definitely get you into its upper earnings range.

Don't let clichés about "starving artists" influence you. You can work in the field you love and earn a sweet salary while you do it.

Published by StringOvation Team on October 11, 2019

Andrew Lloyd Webber ‘will risk being arrested’ to fully reopen theatres on 21 June

Andrew Lloyd Webber ‘will risk being arrested’ to fully reopen theatres on 21 June. Picture: PA

By Maddy Shaw Roberts, ClassicFM London

 

Composer pledges to fully reopen theaters on 21 June – even if it means getting arrested.

“We are going to open, come hell or high water,” Andrew Lloyd Webber told the Telegraph.

Lloyd Webber, one of the world’s most prolific and celebrated musical theaters composers, said his theaters were suffering “acute financial stress” that could only be lifted by theaters reopening without social distancing.

He said that if the government postpones lifting restrictions, “We will say: come to the theaters and arrest us.”

Cinderella, Lloyd Webber’s first West End show in five years, is slated to have its first preview in just over weeks, with opening night set for 14 July after almost a year’s delay.

Lloyd Webber would struggle to break even if he does not sell every seat during Cinderella’s run, due to the high production cost.

Read more: Andrew Lloyd Webber may ‘sue’ the government if theaters reopening is delayedowever, reports suggest the government may push back the lifting of restrictions on 21 June due to concerns over the impact of the Delta COVID-19 variant, which originated in India.

Lloyd Webber insists he has “seen the science from the tests”, and theatres are not a breeding ground for the virus. “They all prove that theaters are completely safe, the virus is not carried there.”

The theater impresario added: “If the government ignore their own science, we have the mother of all legal cases against them. “If Cinderella couldn’t open, we’d go, ‘Look, either we go to law about it, or you’ll have to compensate us.’”

Lloyd Webber revealed that it costs him £1 million a month just to keep his six theaters dark. He has remortgaged his London home, a townhouse in Belgravia, and warned that he may have to sell his six West End theaters if restrictions are not lifted as planned.

Cinderella's opening night is slated for 14 July. Picture: PA

“I don’t think [the government] understand it,” he told the Telegraph. “We’ve never taken any profit out of the theaters. I’ve always tried to put back in, which is why we’re in a muddle now because we never had a big reserve. “Unfortunately,” he says, “the Government regards theater as a nice thing to have rather than a necessity.”

Last week, Lloyd Webber told the Daily Mail he would “have to consider” taking legal action against the government if a reopening was delayed. On his lifelong love for the arts, Lloyd Webber added: “I don’t know when or where or how I began to love musicals, but I can’t remember a time when I didn’t.

“I think of music all the time. I must have 30 to 40 melodies in my head that haven’t found a home yet.”

13-year-old brings The Voice Kids judges to tears with spine-tingling operatic ‘Time To Say Goodbye’

13-year-old sings spine-tingling rendition of Bocelli’s ‘Time To Say Goodbye’. Picture: The Voice Kids

By Sian Moore, ClassicFM London

 

Solomia Lukyanets was just a teenager when she auditioned on The Voice Kids, Germany. Watch how she completely stole the show...

As the opening melody to Andrea Bocelli’s signature song ‘Time To Say Goodbye’ sounded, the judges of The Voice Kids in Germany knew they were about to hear something very special.

Standing on the stage behind them, unbeknown to the judges, was 13-year-old Ukrainian singer Solomia Lukyanets.

The gifted teenager had decided to perform the star tenor’s demanding Italian song for the first round of the singing competition in 2015.

As she softly sang the first verse, it quickly became apparent that Solomia’s vocal talents were way beyond her years. Watch below as the youngster reveals her surprisingly powerful and sonorous voice.

Read more: Andrea Bocelli sings Elmo to sleep with tender ‘Time to Say Goodnight’

Within moments, judges Lena Meyer-Landrut and Johannes Strate have pressed their buttons. The young singer’s rendition is so beautiful that it even brings Lena to tears.

It takes the remaining judge, Mark Forster, a little longer to turn around. But as soon as Solomia begins the chorus, the rich timbre of her operatic voice rings through, and he can’t resist either.

The audience are on their feet before Solomia even finishes the song, some even crying from the performance. We love the gentle strength in Solomia’s lower range, the angelic beauty of her head voice, and the way she morphs into a full-on operatic diva for that great chorus melody. What incredible control and musicianship from such a young voice.

Read more: What are the lyrics to ‘Time to Say Goodbye’ - and do they make any sense?

Unfortunately Solomia didn’t go on to win that season of The Voice Kids, and was eliminated during the battle rounds.

But the opera singer is now 20 years old, and continues to showcase her talented vocals in concert halls and on social media. You can follow her musical goings-on on Instagram here.

Secret Stories Behind The Greatest Classical Compositions: Schubert's “Unfinished Symphony”

Published by StringOvation Team

Franz Schubert is primarily known for his piano sonatas and chamber music, and deservedly so. Yet his most famous single work is a symphony. Well, a partial symphony anyway: his “Unfinished Symphony.”

Schubert isn’t the only composer to leave a symphony unfinished. Symphonies are complicated, long form pieces after all. A few other examples of unfinished symphonies include Beethoven’s Symphony No. 10, Bruckner’s Symphony No. 9 and Mahler’s Symphony No. 10. Even Schubert has others unfinished symphonies, Symphony No. 7 and Symphony No. 10. 

Even so, when people talk about the “Unfinished Symphony” without further clarification, they only mean one symphony: Schubert’s Symphony No. 8 in B minor (D.759). Having this unofficial title for the work is helpful since it’s also sometimes listed as Schubert’s seventh symphony. Most refer to it as his eighth symphony to avoid confusion (ha!) with Schubert’s other unfinished Symphony No. 7. This other symphony was unfinished, but more complete than the Unfinished Symphony in that this other composition had parts of all four movements sketched out by Schubert. In contrast, the Unfinished Symphony has only two complete movements, a scherzo of a third comprised of only 30 bars of full orchestration and 112 bars in short score, and nothing of a fourth movement.  

Composed in 1822 – premiered in 1865 

Schubert composed what we have of the Unfinished Symphony in 1822, when he was just 25 years old. He was awarded an honorary diploma from the Graz Music Society in 1823. As a thank you, he dedicated the piece to the society and sent the two completed movements to Anselm Hüttenbrenner, Schubert’s good friend and member of the society. For some reason, Schubert’s good friend held on to the pages and never told anyone about them until 42 years later in 1865. 

Hüttenbrenner gave the work to friend and conductor Johann von Herbeck. The first two movements, all that Schubert had given Hüttenbrenner, were premiered on December 7, 1865 in a concert given by the Society of Music Friends in Vienna. Herbeck decided to “finish” the work and followed the two movements with Schubert’s Symphony No. 3 in D major. While closing the work with the third symphony never took, the public immediately appreciated what existed of the Unfinished Symphony. The two movements were first published in 1867. 

The scherzo was discovered among Schubert’s papers after his early death just five years after he shared the first two movements with Hüttenbrenner. 

Theories behind the “unfinishing”

So this all begs the question: Why is the symphony unfinished? 

The short answer is that no one knows, but of course there are many theories. 

The infamously absent-minded composer was badly organized so he did finish it (mostly), he just never put the paperwork together. Under this theory, it’s believed that another work by Schubert was originally composed as the fourth movement. The work was used as incidental music he wrote for a play; an Entr’acte piece, also in B minor, that’s similar in style and instrumentation as the Unfinished. This theory is also passively supported by the fact there’s evidence that pages were ripped out of the manuscript Schubert gave Hüttenbrenner. 

Schubert was preoccupied. In 1822, he was also composing what he considered his most complicated work to perform, the Fantasie in C major, Op. 15 (D.760), a four-movement solo piano composition also known as the Wanderer Fantasy. This was year he contracted syphilis, which would eventually kill him in 1828. 

Musically, there was nowhere else to take the first two movements. The Unfinished Symphony is considered by many to be the first Romantic symphony because of its dramatic development and lyrical melodies. It’s unusual in that both movements are written in triple meter. The first movement is in ¾ time and the second movement is in 3/8 time. Even the scherzo of the third movement is written in ¾ time. This rare meter composition for a symphony coupled with what many feel is the scherzo’s poor quality, especially when compared with the sheer paired perfection of the first two movements, have led some to conclude Schubert simply had nothing more to add. He quit while he was ahead. 

Another theory, related to Schubert’s absent-mindedness, is that he simply forgot about it. He sent what he’d completed of the composition to his friend and then moved on to another work. In his correspondence and writings, we see Schubert regularly discuss other symphonies he wrote, but never the Unfinished.

Making news in the 21st century 

Since Schubert’s early death, there have been numerous attempts by composers to finish his Unfinished Symphony. On the 100th anniversary of his death in 1928, Columbia Records even held a worldwide contest for the best composition finishing it. 

However, a recent discovery may change everything we know about this work. A six-page fragment of a musical score, written in Schubert’s hand, was found in 2017 in the attic of house undergoing renovations. The house, in Vienna, is near the Schubert Museum, which is housed in Schubert’s final home. 

The fragment, which has been verified by Schubert scholars, fills out the third movement orchestration, ending it in D major, the relative major of the work’s home key of B minor. 

We may find that the Unfinished is more accurately called the “Yet Undiscovered.” 

The Mozart Festival in Würzburg celebrates 100 years amid pandemic

By Gaby Reucher, DW

His music has comforted people in times of pain and sadness. Even German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier says that without Mozart, we would all fundamentally be missing something.

Until very recently, the people of Würzburg had been worried whether their 100th anniversary Mozart Festival would even be able to take place in front of a real audience — due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic.

"Giving up was out of the question for all of us. We had to fight for this season to happen," says the music festival's artistic director, Evelyn Meining. She says that the musicians were fed up with playing in front of cameras or against glass windows. "This music that comes from the heart and is intended to pull on your heartstrings can only be communicated as a live experience," she told DW.

Mozart's genius was already noticed at a young age, as he wrote his first symphony aged eight

The declining numbers of COVID infections have already allowed a limited number of listeners to attend the opening concert on site, including guest of honor, German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier. In his opening speech, Steinmeier emphasized that Mozart was not a composer who was only to be enjoyed during "good times."

"The same applies to (Mozart) as to art in general: we need him especially during difficult times."

How much Mozart does one need?

Steinmeier welcomed the fact that the Mozart Festival would not only feature the composer's music but would also encourage a discussion about the direction of Europe's overall cultural heritage. He was alluding to a planned series of discussions as part of the festival entitled "How much Mozart does one need?"

Mozart has long become synonymous with art and culture, said Evelyn Meining in response, highlighting that the real question therefore is how much education and how much culture people need — and how prepared we are as a society, especially during the COVID pandemic, to fight for the preservation of art and culture.

For the opening event, Evelyn Meining and conductor and composer Jörg Widmann put together a program featuring a broad range of Mozart works. The focus was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's last symphony, the Jupiter Symphony.

Widmann's own composition Con Brio was also played, which featured abrupt jumps between classical chords and surprising sounds. "You can hear Mozart even more intensely when you combine his work in a program featuring a contemporary piece," Widman said.

Jörg Widmann conducting the Camerata Salzburg orchestra

The Camerata Salzburg orchestra performed on a selection of period instruments and was accompanied by two famous violinists and arguably by even more famous instruments: Frenchman Renaud Capucon played on a violin made by Italian violin maker Pietro Antonio dalla Costa in 1764 — one of six instruments still preserved from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's private collection. An unspecified viola, played by the renowned violist Gerard Causse, also came from that collection.

Both instruments had been made available by the Mozarteum Foundation Salzburg for the anniversary concert: "We had received the instruments only a short time before the concert, and I didn't even know if I could play on it, but it still has an impeccable sound," Capucon told DW after the concert.

"The fact that Mozart himself held this violin in his hands is, of course, a very special honor in itself."

A UNESCO World Heritage site

The Würzburg Residence palace, where many of the major Mozart Festival concerts have been held for a century now, was built between 1720 and 1740. Its interiors were designed by the famous baroque and rococo architect Balthasar Neumann, who commissioned the famous Italian painter Giovanni Battista Tiepolo to create a sumptuous ceiling fresco in radiant colors, depicting the four continents that were known at the time.

In 1981, the building was added to the list of UNESCO's World Heritage sites as "the most unified and extraordinary of all Baroque palaces."

Mozart himself, however, never performed in these magnificent halls. Only once did he travel through the city by stagecoach. To his wife Constanze, he wrote at the time: "At Würzburg, we strengthened our stomachs with coffee — a beautiful splendid city."

But this fleeting visit alone was not the reason why Würzburg was established as a leading Mozart city.

The composer and conductor Hermann Zilcher conducted works by Mozart in the Kaisersaal and felt that the music complemented the interplay between architecture and painting.

"He said he felt as if he only had to trace the ornaments of Mozart's music as colors and shapes with his baton," says Evelyn Meining. In 1921, Zilcher went on to create Germany's oldest Mozart festival in Würzburg — at a time when the effects of World War I could still be felt universally.

The Mozartfest and Germany's contemporary history

And by the end of World War II, conductor and long-time artistic director of the festival, Eugen Jochum, found that Mozart and the Residence Würzburg had become inseparable. After a seven-year hiatus, he resumed the tradition of the Mozart Festival.

But in 1951, people were still affected by the horrors of World War II. Würzburg was almost completely bombed, and the Residence palace also lay in ruins. But people needed a sense of orientation and perspective for the future, says Meining. "Music made them forget and helped them be cheerful. There are pictures that show how people would dance and play music in front of the burned-out Residence back then."

Mozart in times of a pandemic

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart suffered many defeats in his lifetime. He was celebrated as a child prodigy, and was constantly on the move through the various courts of kings and queens. He was both envied for his talent and antagonized. He died at the age of just 35, seriously ill and poor.

"Mozart's music contains all that the human soul can experience in terms of downfalls, in terms of sadness, in terms of shadows, but also in terms of radiant light," says Meining. Even now, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Mozart can give people comfort, she adds. "In the Sinfonia Concertante in the opening concert, there's a great darkness in the second movement and then the tears are wiped away, joy returns, and at the end, you can see the light again, and your faith in the good is restored once more."

The Mozart Festival will continue to present world-class concerts and musical and artistic projects through June 27. The festival is also accompanied by the exhibition "Imagine Mozart."

This article has been translated from German.

Toddler conducts Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony with the skill of a professional maestro

Three-year-old conducts Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony. Picture: esenuk/YouTube

By Maddy Shaw Roberts, ClassicFM London

 

When a pyjama-clad toddler delivered a mind-blowing masterclass in conducting Beethoven.

Here’s the moment a toddler was simply overcome with joy, as he conducted along to Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony with stunning precision.

At the tender age of three, Jonathan Okseniuk was caught on camera by his mum, fiercely waving his baton around to the music in the family living room.

The young American maestro puts on a sensational show of conducting along to the iconic recording by Herbert von Karajan and the Berlin Philharmonic – who just happen to be Jonathan’s favourite conductor and orchestra.

It’s hard to believe a three-year-old has the focus to deliver such clear signals and fluid gestures to an (albeit imaginary) orchestra.

As he breathlessly declares the finale of the fourth movement to be his “favourite part!”, Jonathan descends into a stream of joyous shrieks and giggles, to the delight of his mum.

It should come as no great surprise that Jonathan, now 14 years old, is a brilliant violinist who has won junior music competitions across the US.

A year after this video was filmed, the young Beethoven enthusiast conducted Arizona’s Chandler Symphony Orchestra in concert.

12 months later, he conducted a movement from Mozart’s Eine Kleine Nachtmusik on a TV talk show.

And here’s the moment Jonathan, aged nine, conducted a wonderful string arrangement of the second movement of Beethoven’s ‘Pathétique’ Sonata:

In more recent times, Jonathan took home first prize at the Grand Junction Symphony Orchestra’s 2021 Young Artist Competition in Colorado, US in April 2021.

To this day, many will remember him as the mini maestro who assuaged all our anxieties about the future of classical music.

We wish Jonathan the best of luck with his career. May he continue to delight us with his baton-waving for years to come...

Secret Stories Behind the Greatest Classical Compositions: Beethoven's 5th Symphony

 

If you start typing “Beethoven” into YouTube’s search bar, “Beethoven 5th symphony” is the first auto fill option. Probably the world’s most popular symphony, everyone has heard it even if they couldn’t name it. Its iconic four-note opening motif is instantly recognizable.

But as always – there’s more to the story of Beethoven’s famous Symphony in C Minor, No. 5. 

About the composition 

Despite the work’s formal title, its famous opening doesn’t reach a true C minor until the third repetition of the four notes. While the symphony does quickly get to C minor, it concludes in a hearty C-major coda. You can hear a lighter, more festive version of the opening of the first movement played in C-major here. 

Beethoven was already growing deaf when he started his fifth symphony in 1804. He began working on it short after finishing his third symphony. Even so, he was working on so many other works at the time, it took him four years to complete it. It wasn’t just the other projects; he was also a notorious editor of his work. The fifth symphony is one the apex symphonies of his Heroic Period (1803 – 1815), during which he composed this third through eighth symphonies, and broke from classical structures and introduced the Romantic era. 

Yet the symphony does follow the classical symphonic structure of four movements. The first movement is defined by the opening four notes. Beethoven’s secretary wrote, after the composer’s death, that Beethoven had described this motif and the foundational idea of the entire work as “fate knocking at the door!”  This story held for so long, the opening is also called the “Fate motif.” 

Alas, his secretary has been found to be an unreliable memoirist who looked back at Beethoven through perhaps too rosy a pair of glasses. Some have suggested Beethoven’s inspiration for this opening motif is the sound of the Yellowhammer birds that lived in the parks in Vienna. Others still say the opening fits the more martial temperament of his Heroic Period that reflects the revolutionary state of Europe at the time. 

The fourth movement provides some support to this last idea. It’s an explosion of sound that quotes from a composition by French Revolutionary War army officer, Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, who also wrote the music and lyrics to what would become France’s national anthem, La Marseillaise. 

About its performances 

Symphony No. 5 in C minor debuted in Vienna on December 22, 1808 at the Theater an der Wien. This concert was Beethoven’s famous marathon concert, running four hours long under horrible conditions. The program was all Beethoven, and the badly rehearsed orchestra was conducted by Beethoven. The Sixth Symphony also made its debut at this concert and was in fact played before the Fifth as the numbers of each symphony were reversed in the program. 

The entire concert, including these premieres, was considered a failure due to a combination of not very talented musicians performing in a cold hall in December. One attendee who wanted to leave mid-performance, explained why the audience remained for the entire four hours, “Beethoven was in the middle of conducting and was close at hand.” 

Despite its inauspicious beginnings, it quickly gained popular and critical acclaim. It was performed at the inaugural concerts for the New York Philharmonic (December 7, 1842) and the National Symphony Orchestra (November 2, 1931), as well as during the inaugural week of Carnegie Hall (May 9, 1891). It remains a favorite choice for inaugurating new orchestras or music halls. 

The romantic symphony also made disco history with A Fifth of Beethoven, which was a number 1 hit from the famous disco-era film Saturday Night Fever. You can also find rock, salsa and a mashup with Mambo No. 5 versions.  

The 5th through history 

Critic E.T.A. Hoffmann is credited with establishing the symphony’s reputation. He published a detailed and highly complementary critique of the work in 1813, which he called the symphony a “rhapsody of genius” and “a work that is splendid beyond all measure.” Hector Berlioz likened the third movement to “the gaze of a mesmerizer.” Sir John Eliot Gardiner described the four-note Fate motif as “an alarm call, an incitement, a call to arms,” as it was composed in the context of revolution sweeping Europe. Donald Francis Tovey called it "among the least misunderstood of musical classics." 

The opening four notes were a crucial and (shall we say) instrumental part of Europeans’ passive resistance to Nazi tyranny during World War II. The “V for Victory” campaign began in Belgium as a call for people to write the letter “V” as a sign of resistance. Winston Churchill promoted the campaign and integrated making the fingers raised in a V-sign.  The next day, BBC radio encouraged listeners in Paris to stage a "quiet knocking" demonstration, using The Fifth Symphony’s four notes, as the roman numeral for the five is “V.” 

Soon, the BBC, which broadcast into Nazi-occupied countries, began using the four notes as its station identification call sign. BBC radio programs also instructed people throughout Europe how they could play the same four notes themselves, teachers on blackboard, trains tooting it out through their steam engines, and children clapping their hands. For this reason, the symphony has also been known as the Victory Symphony since World War II.

Lastly, the work was included on the Golden Disc launched into space in 1977 on the Voyager spacecraft. The disc on the spacecraft, perpetually spinning through space, is filled with audio and image files intended to display the creativity and diversity of life on Earth to any extra-terrestrial that might come across it. Here is the first movement recording on the Golden Disc.

This article sponsored by Thomastik-Infeld