Thursday, May 16, 2019

Requiem for a queen

The hidden meaning behind Cersei’s music in Game of Thrones


By Emma Clarke, ClassicFM London
Spoilers are coming. Look away now if you haven’t seen Game of Thrones season 8, episode 5...
The penultimate episode of Game of Thrones aired in the US last night, showcasing Daenerys’ wrath, as she rained fire on King’s Landing.
But before that, there was a moment when the show gave a little nod to seasons past, as a familiar tune by Ramin Djawadi played out amid the battle scenes.
You may not have caught it but there was a point, as Daenerys was busy torching the Lannister army and breaking down the ramparts of King’s Landing, at which the same sequence that was used in the ‘Light of the Sevens’ theme – which made its debut in the season 6 finale – played out ahead of Cersei’s demise.
So what is the significance of the theme in season 8, episode 5? We explain all...
At first, Cersei is quietly confident as Daenerys and her army of the Unsullied, the Dothraki and the North arrive at King's Landing
At first, Cersei is quietly confident as Daenerys and her army of the Unsullied, the Dothraki and the North arrive at King's Landing. Picture: HBO

Where does the music appear in season 8, episode 5?

As Daenerys rides on the back of Drogon, setting alight the walls of King’s Landing, we cut to a shot of Cersei Lannister, as she watches on helplessly from the Red Keep.
Cersei’s hand, Qyburn, comes into the room to inform her that the dragon has destroyed all the Scorpions (the specially designed, dragon-killing crossbows), and the Iron Fleet has been wiped out, along with the Golden Company’s soldiers. All they have left is the Lannister soldiers.
Despite the desperation of the situation, Cersei maintains: “They [her men] will defend the Red Keep to the last man. The Red Keep has never fallen, it won’t fall today.”
As she says this, that familiar cello sequence starts pouring out, bringing a strong sense of foreboding.
Cersei starts to realise the danger she's in, as the Red Keep starts crumbling brick by brick
Cersei starts to realise the danger she's in, as the Red Keep starts crumbling brick by brick. Picture: HBO
We then switch to a scene of her little brother, Tyrion, as he enters the walls of King’s Landing, horrified by Daenerys’ actions. While the cello part starts off slower than what it does in the ‘Light of the Seven’, it starts quickening in pace, swelling and building into a deafening crescendo.
The music pauses dramatically, as the last of the Lannister army drops their swords in defeat.
We then pan over the terracotta roofs of King’s Landing (presumably to emphasise that there are a lot of people living within the fortress’ walls that are about to be barbecued), to find Jaime pushing his way through the crowd in order to meet his twin sister one last time.
Cersei's twin brother Jaime struggled through the crowds at King's Landing to reach his sister
Cersei's twin brother Jaime struggled through the crowds at King's Landing to reach his sister. Picture: HBO
Moments later, the Red Keep is crumbling piece by piece, as Cersei, Qyburn and The Mountain descend the spiral staircase. Ser Gregor’s brother, The Hound, then meets them on their descent, in order to kill his older sibling. For the first time ever, The Mountain ignores his queen’s command, before killing Qyburn to fight his brother. The pair battle it out as the apocalyptic scenes play out around them.
Cersei managed to escape from the Red Keep’s tower, and Jaime finds her in the map room after he kills Euron Greyjoy. They embrace as the violin track trickles into the background. Jaime leads her into the underground passages in the hope of escaping. When they get there, they discover the path has been blocked with rubble, and they die in each other’s arms as their home falls down upon them.
the last time we heard 'The Light of the Seven' was in the season 6 finale of Game of Thrones
the last time we heard 'The Light of the Seven' was in the season 6 finale of Game of Thrones. Picture: HBO

The ‘Light of the Seven’ theme in the season 6 finale

The last time we heard the ‘Light of the Seven’ theme was in the dramatic season 6 finale, when Cersei trapped her rivals in the Sept and blew it up using Wildfire.
Waiting in the Sept were the High Sparrow, Margaery Tyrell, her brother Loras, and their father Mace Tyrell.
After Loras renounced his ‘sins’ and was branded by the High Sparrows’ followers, Cersei was next to face trial. But in true Cersei fashion, she had no intention of attending her trial, but, rather, stayed in the Red Keep across from the Sept, to watch as the religious building went up in green flame.
Cersei blew up the Sept in the season 6 finale, using Wildfire
Cersei blew up the Sept in the season 6 finale, using Wildfire. Picture: HBO
Before this iconic Game of Thrones scene, however, there was a beautiful choreographed sequence where the Sparrows were shot from above. As they gracefully move across the floor of the Sept, the ‘Light of the Seven’ starts playing, adding a sense of urgency and impending doom.
Unlike other Game of Thrones tracks, the ‘Light of the Seven’ is mostly played on the piano, which makes it all the more harrowing.
During the whole thing, Cersei used The Mountain to barricade her son Tommen in, who would otherwise have sought to help his doomed wife, Margaery, who was also in the Sept.
After witnessing the Sept blow up in a huge green explosion, King Tommen removed his crown, placed it on the table beside him and walked out of shot. The camera was still pointing to the arched windows of the Red Keep, as Tommen returned, and threw himself out the window, plummeting to his death. He was the last of Cersei’s children.
Cersei last surviving child, Tommen, killed himself after witnessing his mother's treachery
Cersei last surviving child, Tommen, killed himself after witnessing his mother's treachery. Picture: HBO

So why was it used again now?

The fact that show producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss chose to use the haunting music again now is incredibly significant.
While there are slight changes to the piece, the key elements of the theme have gone unchanged. It is purposely slower than the original and sounds slightly more dissonant, but it foreshadows that bad things are ahead.
As we associate the heartbreaking tune with the mass murder in season 6, we already fear the worst before Daenerys wipes out the entire city. We sense what she is about to do and the harrowing music sets the scene.
It is important it returns now, as we’re seeing a lot of imagery that is similar to that of the season 6 finale; there’s a deadly explosion, a Mad Queen, innocent people are killed, and a significant building in King’s Landing crumbles to the ground.
Only time will tell what Queen Daenerys will do with her newfound power – and what the last few contenders for the Iron Throne will do, for that matter.

Thursday, May 9, 2019

The most famous pieces of classical music ...

... translated into recipes


Musical recipes
Musical recipes. Picture: Classic FM / Getty Images
By Sofia Rizzi, ClassicFM London
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Step into the Classic FM kitchen, where we whisk Baroque soufflés to perfection, and cook the perfect symphonic roast.
We've translated some of the greatest pieces of classical music into recipes...
  1. Tchaikovsky – 1812 Overture

    1812 Overture
    Picture: Classic FM / Getty Images
    Top tip: The light scatter of self-loathing makes all the difference. Your guests will enjoy this dish – you certainly won't.
  2. Beethoven – Symphony No. 9

    Beethoven Symphony No. 9
    Picture: Classic FM / Getty Images
    Top tip: Add more German syllables to taste.
  3. Ravel – Boléro

    Bolero
    Picture: Classic FM / Getty Images
    Top tip: Keep stirring this for a ludicrous amount of time. You can use the flute as a mixing apparatus.
  4. Puccini – Nessun dorma

    Nessun Dorma
    Picture: Classic FM / Getty Images
    Top tip: Marinate the opera for at least two hours before preparing the soufflé of musical goodness.
  5. Tchaikovsky – Swan Lake

    Swan Lake
    Picture: Classic FM / Getty Images
    Top tip: Sieve the swans and tippy tappy-toed prince for a smooth consistency.
  6. Vaughan Williams – The Lark Ascending

    The Lark Ascending
    Picture: Classic FM / Getty Images
    Top tip: Drizzle the cadenza music into the bowl, making sure it is distributed in a charming yet intentional way.
  7. Gershwin – Rhapsody in Blue

    Rhapsody in Blue – George Gershwin
    Picture: Classic FM / Getty Images
    Top tip: Gently roll out the clarinet glissando until it looks enticing enough to eat.
What is the greatest piece of classical music?

Thursday, May 2, 2019

Young composer 'solves' Elgar's Enigma ...

...  and it’s pretty convincing


Elgar's Enigma theme vs. Pergolesi's Stabat mater
Credit: Ed Newton-Rex
By Maddy Shaw Roberts, ClassicFM London
Elgar’s Enigma Variations is one of the greatest pieces of the 19th century – but people have puzzled over its hidden theme for years.
In 1899, Sir Edward Elgar wrote his beautiful Enigma Variations, that would contain one of the most moving melodies ever written (its ‘Nimrod’ theme).
But Elgar, not content with writing a beautiful piece of music, claimed to have hidden a musical puzzle deep in the heart of his Variations.
Here’s a note he left explaining the puzzle: “The Enigma I will not explain – its ‘dark saying’ must be left unguessed, and I warn you that the connection between the Variations and the Theme is often of the slightest texture. Further, through and over the whole set another and larger theme ‘goes’, but is not played… so, the principal Theme never appears.”
Essentially, the principal theme of the piece is never actually heard, and the ‘Enigma’ theme we do hear is just a counterpoint on the principal theme.
Sir Edward Elgar (1857-1934)
Sir Edward Elgar (1857-1934). Picture: Getty
Over the years, historians and musicologists have claimed to have solved the Enigma, but there’s never been a conclusive answer.
Now, Ed Newton-Rex, a composer and alumnus of the Choir of King’s College Cambridge, claims to have cracked the code.
The hidden theme in the Enigma Variations, he claims, is Pergolesi’s Stabat Mater, a haunting piece of choral music from the 18th century.
“I started thinking about what I’d write if tasked with writing a counter-melody to the opening theme, improvising things that worked well with it,” Newton-Rex writes in an essay on his theory. “Almost immediately what I was writing reminded me of something: Pergolesi’s Stabat Mater.” 
When the two pieces are played alongside each other (and when Stabat Mater is transposed up a tone), the fit is “pretty astounding”, Newton-Rex writes.

Why has no one figured this out before?

The mistake musicologists have made before, Newton-Rex argues, is expecting the new ‘phrase’ to fit perfectly over the top of the fully-scored Enigma Variations.
“But this isn’t how Elgar said the counterpoint should work,” he says.
In an interview with the Musical Times in 1900, Elgar clarified the nature of the ‘Enigma’: “Mr Elgar tells us that the heading Enigma is justified by the fact that it is possible to add another phrase, which is quite familiar, above the original theme that he has written.”
Elgar further clarifies this in his 1905 biography: “The theme is a counterpoint on some well-known melody which is never heard.”
So the ‘Enigma’ theme is a counterpoint on the hidden melody – not the other way around. This means that the ‘Enigma’ theme should fit over the top of the hidden melody.

Why Stabat Mater?

Firstly, Stabat Mater was the most frequently published piece of music of the 18th century. It had already been popular for a long time before Elgar started composing – so he undoubtedly knew of the piece, and was aware of its popularity.
When played alongside all the vocal parts of Stabat Mater, the ‘Enigma’ theme fits perfectly over the harmonies, Newton-Rex argues. Plus, it fits well over just the Stabat Mater’s characteristic bass line, and matches the six-bar length of the choral piece.
Stabat Mater also involves a “dark saying”, matching up with Elgar’s original description.
“The subject matter of the Stabat mater — the crucifixion — provides a compelling reason Elgar would have chosen to refer to it this way,” argues Newton-Rex, co-founder of the AI music composition company Jukedeck.
Ed Newton-Rex
Picture: Ed Newton-Rex

Which other pieces have been proposed?

Over the years, historians and musicologists have suggested a number of ‘perfect fits’ for the Enigma theme, including Rule Britannia, Beethoven’s ‘Pathétique’ Sonata and, curiously, the number Pi. However, Newton-Rex dismisses these proposals, saying none of them fit perfectly over the whole of the Enigma theme.
Rule Britannia is in the major where the Enigma theme is in the minor, and [...] if you try the whole of Rule Britannia with the Enigma theme it doesn’t work at all.”

What has the response been like?

Newton-Rex told Classic FM: “The response I’ve had to this theory has been great – some people seem convinced, and even those for whom the jury is still out seem to think there’s merit to it.
“Most importantly, though, people who have come across it from outside the world of classical music have told me they went and listened to the Enigma Variations for the first time as a result – and I think there can be no better outcome than getting more people listening to this amazing music.”
Isata Kanneh-Mason plays Elgar's 'Chanson de Matin'
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